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chemistries. Compared to the smaller format batteries it is used to processing, Sudbury INO considers EV batteries to presentamuchhigherriskbecauseoftherangeofchemistriesinvolved.Asan example,theLFPbattery (manufactured by A123) is very different from other li-ion battery chemistries, and does not contain a lot of metals of interest to Glencore. As a result, the company would not process these batteries unless they were paid to do so (through a tipping fee, or treatment charge). Sudbury INO charges a “treatment charge” for processing. It offers a significant cobalt credit back to customers sending batteries. When a load comes in, staff have a rough idea of what the cobalt content should be, but Sudbury INO pays based on an assay carried out at an on-site laboratory. Some lithium batteries used to contain 18% to 22% cobalt if the plastic is taken away, but this number is dropping rapidly. 5.2.5 Battery Solutions, Wixom, Michigan (US) Based in Wixom, Michigan (formerly Howell, MI), Battery Solutions collects and processes EOL batteries (50 million pounds last year) and repurposes the secondary commodities for reuse in steel manufacturing, agriculture, and new battery manufacturing, among other applications.136 Every battery they collect is identified, classified, and manually sorted. In addition to manual sorting, the company claims to be the first and only North American based company using automated battery sorting and data collection technology.137 This technology allows them to sort batteries based on any criteria they select (i.e., chemistry, brand, commercial demand). With regards to processing, Battery Solutions recycles several types of batteries, including portable batteries, stationary and backup batteries, special purpose batteries, and E V batteries. The company has its own fleet and a nationwide network of more than 200 service providers who can provide on-site service, removal, packaging, and transportation and recycling. Once picked up, EV batteries are disassembled in a way that ensures that each piece of the battery, including the housing, electronics, and wiring are separated and recycled in a compliant manner.138 For li-ion batteries, the company uses a specialized “room temperature, oxygen-free” mechanical process to separate the battery components into three end products: a) cobalt and lithium salt concentrate; b) stainless steel; and c) copper, aluminum, and plastic. All of these products are sold to manufacturers to be reused in new products.139 For NiMH batteries, Battery Solutions removes the plastics from the cell portion prior to the recycling 136 Battery Solutions. “About Us.”PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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