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process. The cells go through a drying process to remove moisture from the cell. Once the cells are dried, they become a valuable feedstock for the stainless steel and/or alloy manufacturing industries. The metals and plastic are then returned to manufacturers to be reused in new products.140 Battery Solutions staff confirmed through email during project research that they serve multiple automotive customers for EV/HEV battery recycling. 5.2.6 RawMaterialsCompanyInc.–PortColborne,Ontario(Canada) Raw Materials Company Inc. (RMC) is a private corporation that operates a battery handling and recycling facility in Port Colborne, Ontario and a collection facility in Buffalo, New York. RMC accepts all battery chemistries, including large-format EV batteries, but processes only alkali batteries on-site in Ontario. US loads can be consolidated into one notice-for-Environment-Canada report at the Buffalo, New York location and then shipped across the US border to Port Colborne, Ontario for management. RMC accepts NiMH and li-ion batteries from EVs, generally received from auto dealers or parts companies. Neither NiMH or Li-ion batteries are processed on-site, but are sent to proprietary downstream partners for recycling. RMC pays for NiMH batteries and sometimes for li-ion batteries, depending on chemistry. The company charges a fee for non-cobalt-containing lithium batteries.141 In 2016, RMC signed a contract with Refind Technologies (a technology company based out of Gothenburg, Sweden) for three OBS600 optical battery sorters. The machines (the first of which was delivered and installed in early summer 2017) are capable of recording the brand and chemistry types of the batteries it sorts, providing valuable market share data back to RMC. The units work in parallel to sort 30 batteries per second or 1,800 kg/hour, greatly increasing the throughput of batteries processed at the facility. 5.2.7 EVBatteryRecyclingbyTesla142 Tesla plans to offer a complete closed-loop solution for EOL management of the batteries from its EVs, in which it wants to take-back its own batteries for recycling. The supply risk for materials such as nickel, manganese and cobalt is identified by the US government and research is on-going on how to develop domestic sources of these materials. It is believed by the study team that Tesla has assessed that sourcing battery materials from EOL is more important to the company than revenues it could gain from reusing the cells. While not publicly stated at this time (August, 2019) it is considered likely that Tesla is using a direct recycling, cathode-to-cathode technology (discussed later in this section) to recover higher value materials from cathodes for direct use in battery manufacture. 140 Ibid. 141 Personal communication with Andrew Paupst, Raw Materials Company, May 22, 2019. 905-835-1203 apaupst@rawmaterials.com. 142 Jon Weisman, Global Supply Chain & Battery Cell Supply Chain Manager (Battery Engineer), Tesla, An Automaker and Solar Developer’s Perspective, presented at “From Cradle to Grave: Addressing EOL Management for PV Panels and Batteries for Electric Vehicles and Energy Storage,” April 3, 2019, CA Public Utilities Commission Auditorium. KELLEHER RESEARCH STUDY ON REUSE AND RECYCLING OF BATTERIES EMPLOYED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER, 2019 PAGE 58PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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