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A few companies in the “new” EV battery recycling business are described in the sections that follow. The information presented was collected through a combination of literature review, attending presentations by company representatives, reviewing videos of presentations by company representatives and interviews with representatives of the companies involved, including CEOs, members of the Board of Directors, technical staff or those helping to raise financing for the companies. The descriptions show the range of efforts being made by different companies to establish new EV battery recycling businesses achieving higher recovery of materials in EV batteries, and also that there are common elements in the approach used by each of the companies The area of most research interest is cathode-to- cathode or direct cathode recycling. Various processes are used to recover cathode materials from EOL EV cathodes as a chemical combination which can be sold back to battery makers, rather than recovering some form of metal which is then sold back to refineries for further processing. Recoveries quoted by these companies are from the cathode material only, rather than as a percentage of the full battery. These companies (a few of which are described later in this section) are most interested in just receiving the cathodes recovered from another company who would dismantle the EV battery and remove the BMS and outer casings. Cobalt is the most valuable metal in the EV battery at this time. One factor which makes the EV battery recycling business complex is efforts by vehicle and battery OEMs to reduce the cobalt content of EV batteries. Panasonic has already reduced the cobalt content of the cells in Tesla batteries to 3% and hope to soon create a battery cell with no cobalt. While this will decrease the cost of EVs (one of the factors needed to increase EV adoption), it eliminates the incentive for recycling companies to get involved in recycling EV batteries as the high revenue stream from metals recovery will be reduced. 5.3.1 AmericanManganeseInc. American Manganese146 is based in Surrey, British Columbia, Canada and has been in business since 1987.147 The company has manganese mining operations in Arizona and started the recycling business as a result of testing new ways to recover more manganese (one component of EV batteries) from mining deposits. For many years, American Manganese has been involved with the US Bureau of Mines to identify methods of recovering manganese from low- g r a d e deposits. Manganese is an essential element required for the steel industry and b e c a u s e most manganese-producing countries a r e considered a supply risk for the US, developing domestic reliable sources is a high priority. For this reason, manganese, along with some other metals found in li-ion batteries, is on the US critical metals list. 146 https://americanmanganeseinc.com/ 147 It is a public company traded on various stock exchanges (TSX.v:AMY; OTC US: AMYZF; FSE:2AM). It has a market cap $32.4 million undiluted; $39.9 million diluted, with 161.8 million shares (25 million held by insiders). The share price has fluctuated from $0.13 to $0.35 in last 12 months. KELLEHER RESEARCH STUDY ON REUSE AND RECYCLING OF BATTERIES EMPLOYED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER, 2019 PAGE 63PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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