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needs to be updated to compare the reuse of EV li-ion batteries with purchasing new li-ion batteries for ESS. Figure 40 presents the environmental impacts of EV battery reuse estimated by Richa et al. in 2017. The study estimated that cascaded reuse of 1,000 EV batteries provided eco toxicity credits of about 4.5 million units, with reuse of the reconditioned batteries in EVs only providing eco-toxicity benefits of 0.5 million units. Given that the technology and battery chemistries have changed so much in the last few years, an update of the analysis is needed. An earlier study by Richa et al190 found that extending the lifespan of an EV li-ion battery through a second use provides an overall CED credit of 12,850 MJ, a net reduction of 15% over the battery’s life cycle. The study assumed that 50% of the EV li-ion battery cells can be converted for stationary use application and that the stationary battery will have a 5-year life span. The dotted line in Figure 40 reflects the impact of the EV li-ion battery life cycle with no reuse in stationary application. The analysis was carried out using a 24kWh LMO battery pack weighing 223kg and providing 100,000-mile operation during its lifetime. The mileage was considered equivalent to an 8- year service life. The LMO chemistry was chosen as it was used in the Nissan Leaf and Chevrolet Volt vehicles at the time (2014). The refurbished li-ion battery system was assumed to have a capacity of 450kWh, and weigh 4,446 kg, compared to an equivalent lead-acid battery system which would weigh 13,044 kg. Figure 40 Estimated Comparative Energy Impacts of EV Battery Reuse 191 Figure 41 shows t h e environmental results from the 2017 study discussed above192. The study analyzed the environmental trade-offs of cascading reuse of a li-ion battery in an older EV followed by reuse in stationary energy storage at EV EOL. The study found that the environmental benefits outweighed 190 Richa, K., Babbitt, C. W., Nenadic, N. G., & Gaustad, G. (2015). Environmental trade-offs across cascading lithium-ion battery life cycles. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 22(1), 66–81. doi:10.1007/s11367-015-0942-3 (sci-hub.tw/10.1007/s11367-015-0942-3) 191 Ibid. 192 Ibid. KELLEHER RESEARCH STUDY ON REUSE AND RECYCLING OF BATTERIES EMPLOYED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER, 2019 PAGE 91PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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