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A research study published in 2012194 calculated the energy consumed when recovering LiMn2O4, aluminum, and copper from li-ion batteries through three recycling processes. Figure 42 taken from the 2012 academic paper, presents estimates of energy required to produce recycled LiMn2O4 from the three different processes (hydrometallurgical, intermediate physical, and direct physical recycling) compared to the energy required for production of virgin LiMn2O4 in Nevada and Chile. The energy associated with the recycling processes is shown in the black outlined boxes in the figure and indicates that the production of virgin LiMn2O4 is likely more energy intensive than production through any of the three recycling approaches. The authors explain that although the hydrometallurgical process itself is not very energy intensive, consumption of citric acid and hydrogen peroxide (counted in the LCA) contributes significantly to the energy consumption of the overall process. Figure 42 Estimated Energy Consumption to Produce LiMn2O4 Through EV Battery Recycling195 Note: Components in framed boxes are produced (Li, Li2CO3, LiMn2O4) or consumed (H2O2, citric acid, soda ash) in the recycling processes. Components outside the black boxes are consumed during upgrading of recovered lithium compounds to cathode material. Figure 43, taken from the same academic paper, illustrates the estimated potential reduction in total energy consumption when combinations of LiMn2O4, aluminum, and copper are recycled in a closed- loop system. The study authors estimated a 48% reduction in total cradle-to-gate energy demand when cathode material, aluminum, and copper are recycled in a direct physical recycling process. The study did not quantify the energy benefit of recovering other battery materials (e.g., carbon, electrolyte) in the intermediate and direct physical recycling processes and the authors note that recovering these materials would yield additional energy, environmental, and potential economic benefits. 194 Dunn, J. B., Gaines, L., Sullivan, J., & Wang, M. Q. (2012). “Impact of Recycling on Cradle-to-Gate Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries.” Environmental Science & Technology, 46(22), 12704–12710. doi:10.1021/es302420z 195 Dunn, J. B., Gaines, L., Sullivan, J., & Wang, M. Q. (2012). “Impact of Recycling on Cradle-to-Gate Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries.” Environmental Science & Technology, 46(22), 12704–12710. doi:10.1021/es302420z KELLEHER RESEARCH STUDY ON REUSE AND RECYCLING OF BATTERIES EMPLOYED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER, 2019 PAGE 93PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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