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Figure 47 Estimated Climate Impacts of Tesla Original, 10Ah LFP and NMC Battery Designs Through Production, Use and Recycling208 Qiao et al. (2019) also attempted to quantify the environmental impacts of recycling EV batteries. The authors concluded, “since the energy consumption and GHG emissions of battery recycling is relatively high, battery recycling seems to contain low environmental benefits.” They noted, however, that EV battery recycling can provide recycled cathode active material, which is the most important and expensive part in the EV battery. They also emphasized that the environmental benefits of EV battery recycling are likely to be improved with the development of new technologies. They further noted that other research papers conclude that SOx emissions during the production of NMC/LFP cathode materials can be reduced by nearly 100% if they are recycled rather than produced from virgin materials. The reduction rate is high even for pyrometallurgical process which consumes huge amounts of energy because of the high amount of SOx is emitted directly and indirectly during the manufacturing process. Cusenza et al. (2019)209 estimated the life cycle environmental impacts of a li-ion PHEV battery pack made of an LMO-NMC composite cathode (with a nominal capacity of 11.4kWh able to be used for about 140,000 km of driving). Assuming the battery was recycled through a pyrometallurgical process, the results of the analysis showed that recycling the battery pack contributes less than 11% to all of the assessed impact categories (e.g., ozone depletion potential, GWP, etc.), with the exception of freshwater ecotoxicity (60%). The authors’ findings on environmental impacts are quoted below: “Besides generating potential environmental impacts, recycling results in environmental credits due to recoverable products... The environmental credits associated with materials recovered through battery recycling processes exceed the associated environmental impacts linked to the recycling process in all the impact categories examined, with the exception of ozone depleting 208Berg, H., & Zackrisson, M. (2019). Perspectives on environmental and cost assessment of lithium metal negative electrodes in electric vehicle traction batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 415, 83–90.doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.01.047 (sci-hub.tw/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.01.047) 209 Cusenza, M.A., Bobba, S., Ardente, F., Cellura, M., & F. Di Persio. (2019). “Energy and environmental assessment of a traction lithium-ion pack for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.” Journal of Cleaner Production, 215, 634-649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.056 KELLEHER RESEARCH STUDY ON REUSE AND RECYCLING OF BATTERIES EMPLOYED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER, 2019 PAGE 99 batteryPDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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