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components rather than recycling them for metal recovery. Reuse is higher on the waste management hierarchy than recycling therefore this path follows an environmentally responsible principle. Not all of these advantages have been properly quantified in research papers reviewed to date. One possibility is that the chemistry of EV batteries changes when used in long-term ESS applications, and this may impact on recycling process efficiencies. Given that the “new” EV battery recycling technologies are not yet operating at full scale, and no li-ion batteries have yet been through the full EV cycle followed by 5-20 years as ESS devices, the answer to this question is not known. Energy related studies found through the research generally focused on the amount of energy used or saved when an EV battery is directed to an energy storage application vs. through recycling of the battery. Again, while research papers were found which addressed specific aspects of this question none were found that addressed the issue in a holistic way. The information presented in this section clearly indicates that EV battery recycling has both environmental and energy benefits. However, some of the studies are a few years old and therefore out of date given that battery technology and chemistries have developed rapidly in the last few years. A need to update the environmental and energy analysis of EV battery reuse vs. recycling is identified as a research gap in Section 9 of this report. The literature review has identified a few research institutes that have carried out extensive LCA studies on both EV battery recycling and reuse. One limitation of some of the studies by Richa et al. is that they have compared reuse of li-ion EV batteries to buying new lead-acid batteries for ESS. The current practice is to use li-ion batteries for ESS, therefore an updated analysis is needed. The analyses carried out to date identify a clear benefit of direct cathode recycling, however the research for this project has identified that this practice is not yet in place at full scale. Companies like American Manganese, Neometals and others described in Section 5 are currently pilot testing this technology but no full-scale facilities are in place at this time. 6.5 Economic Impacts of EV Battery Reuse vs. Recycling The analysis in this report clearly identifies that EV battery reuse has a distinct economic advantage over EV battery recycling where EV battery reuse is technically viable. For an EV battery weighing 400kg with 50% r e m a i n i n g capacity (an assumption used for modelling in some of the papers reviewed), recycling can cost anywhere from $500 to $1,500 per battery, whereas directing the battery to reuse can generate revenues of at least $50/kWh. Table 19 below presents a range of values for revenues from reuse and costs for recycling of three of the most popular BEV batteries and two of the most popular PHEV batteries in 2018. Reuse revenues are estimated at 50% to 80% redeployment of cells. KELLEHER RESEARCH STUDY ON REUSE AND RECYCLING OF BATTERIES EMPLOYED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER, 2019 PAGE 104PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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