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Table 18 Comparison of GHG Emissions from Different Recycling Processes for Li-ion Batteries220 Process Pyrometallurgical Hydrometallurgical Direct Physical Battery Chemistry Mix LCO LCO gCO2eq/kg battery +1,244 -2,000 -2,500 Hydrometallurgical Mix -1,035 Pyrometallurgical + Hydrometallurgical LCO -1,500 Intermediate Physical LCO -2,000 6.4 Comparison of Energy and Environmental Impacts of EV Battery Reusevs.Recycling The studies presented in this section were found through an extensive technical and academic literature search and review. None of the studies identified directly compared the net environmental impacts of EV battery reuse vs. EV battery recycling vs. using new EV batteries (currently li-ion designs of various chemistries, and expected to remain for the next 5-10 years). This lack of clear, focused information is identified as a research gap in Section 9 of this report. API could commission a study, ideally through a university research team, to address this exact question. From the analysis carried out in this study, the following can be concluded: EV battery reuse offers many advantages in terms of resource conservation if it can be proven effective in the longer term. Any reuse projects in place now have not been running for the 5-, 10-, 15- or 20-year lifespan predicted for these batteries, therefore at this time it is not known with certaintyif anytechnicalissuescouldarise.Issuesaroundliabilityhavebeenraisedbutnotresolved. Ifsuccessfulin reuseapplications,reuseofEVbatteriesoffersmanyadvantages: • It displaces or delays the need to mine new materials such as nickel, cobalt and manganese to make new li-ion batteries by a number of years. This has environmental benefits which are not fully captured in the LCA studies reviewed for this report, therefore a separate research project shouldbeinitiatedtoproperlyquantifythesebenefits; • It provides considerable revenue by effectively re-selling well performing li-ion battery 220 Romare, M., Dahllof, L., IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute. (2017). “The Life Cycle Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Study with Focus on Current Technology and Batteries for Light-Duty Vehicles.” http://www.ivl.se/download/18.5922281715bdaebede9559/1496046218976/C243+The+life+cycle+energy+consumption+and+CO2+emission s+from+lithium+ion+batteries+.pdf KELLEHER RESEARCH STUDY ON REUSE AND RECYCLING OF BATTERIES EMPLOYED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER, 2019 PAGE 103PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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