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From values presented in Section 4, NREL estimated that reuse costs $24/kWh with an additional $20/kWh assumed for B EV battery purchase. This $20/kWh cost may not be the current market situation. This is one of the research gaps noted in Section 9. Assuming the net cost of reusing the EV batteries is $44/kWh, the scenarios in the table assume different profits from $10 to $40/kWh. At the low range this translates to a sale price of $54/kWh of the reused battery compared to purchase of a new battery at $145/kWh for cells and $190/kWh for packs in 2018.221 At the $40/kWh profit level, the reused battery would be sold for $84/kWh, still considerably lower than the purchase price of a new battery. As the costs of new li- ion batteries decrease, it is not known what price reused batteries will be sold for, but a Swedish analysis anticipates that the reuse market will continue, and that sale prices will drop to $40/kWh. All batteries in Table 19 use li-ion chemistries. The recycling costs are shown without considering revenue from recovered materials which vary by process and battery content, as shown in Section 5. Table 19 Estimated Comparative Costs and Revenues for Reusing and Recycling EV Batteries ($) Model Type of Vehicle % of US Market in 2018 Chemistry Battery Size (kWh) Battery Weight (kg) Reuse Value at 50% Reuse and $10/kWh Reuse Value at 60% Reuse and $20/kWh Profit Reuse Value at 70% Reuse and $30/kWh Profit Recycling Cost at $1,000/t Recycling Cost at $2,000/ t Recycling Cost at $3,000/t Tesla Model 3 BEV NCA 80.5 478 Profit +$403 +$966 +$1,691 - $478 -$956 -$1,434 5C9h%evrolet Bolt BEV 8% Toyota Prius Prime PHEV 23% 15% C/NMC C/NMC 60 435 +$300 8.8 120 +$44 +$720 +$106 +$1,260 +$185 - $435 -$120 -$870 -$240 -$1,305 -$360 Nissan Leaf BEV 6% C/NMC 40 303 +$200 +$480 +$840 -$303 -$606 -$909 Chevrolet Volt (Generatio n 2) PHEV C/NMC- LMO 18.4 183 +$92 +$221 +$1,159 -$183 -$366 -$549 As an example, for a Chevrolet Bolt with a capacity of 60kWh when new, the net profit in the reuse market would be $300 in a worst-case scenario and almost $1,300 in a best-case scenario. Recycling costs on the other hand range from $400 to $1,300 per unit before material credits. One of the significant uncertainties is the actual costs of EV battery recycling. Different references have quoted these costs at $1,000 to $5,000/tonne, with the latter value coming from Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), which is considered a reliable source. Research carried out during this study could not identify firm costs as recyclers and customers interviewed considered the information commercially sensitive and confidential. The analysis in Table 19 was carried out for recycling values of $1,000 to $3,000/tonne. Battery pack costs are levied by weight, compared to the reuse analysis which 221 Hanley, S. December 7, 2018. “Envision Energy Says EV Battery Cell Costs Will Fall Below $50/kWh by 2025.”PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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