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9 Data Needs and Research Gaps A number of data and research gaps were noted during this study: • This research project developed a simple Lifespan Model to estimate the number and type of EV batteries reaching EOL to 2030. A more detailed and elaborate material flow and lifespan model should be developed to develop more accurate estimates of EOL EV batteries in future years. The more detailed model should account for the different li-ion battery chemistries used in different EV models, and changes in unit weights and EV battery chemistries on an annual basis over time. This level of detail was beyond the scope of this study, but should be considered as a future research project. • The second-life of EV batteries directed to reuse is not known. All information available to date is based on modelling but no real-life examples of how EV batteries degrade in second-life are yet available. • The NREL study285 and research which identified detailed costs for EV battery reuse is four years old and is based on PHEV batteries only. The c o s t model and research should be updated with current costs to include HEV, PHEV and BEV batteries. • Research should identify a firm sense of when EV battery costs might reach $100/kWh and how the lower costs of new EV batteries might change the dynamics of the EV new vehicle market. The projections in this study assumed growth of the EV market to 1.3 million units sold by 2025 based on an assessment of a number of studies available at this time. These estimates are likely to be low should EVs reach cost parity with ICE vehicles sooner than projected. • Research should explore the business case for EV battery reuse as the costs of new batteries reach $100/kWh or lower, and as energy densities of new li-ion batteries increase compared to those available in the reuse market. • Research on the energy and environmental impacts of EV battery reuse compared to recycling, and also on the relative LCA impacts of EV battery recycling vs. buying a new battery needs to be carried out using current data and assumptions. • A detailed business case needs to be developed to more fully identify the costs, economics and financial as well as technical risks associated with the EV battery recycling business, taking future potential regulation of mandatory EV battery recycling into account, the evolution of EV battery recycling technology, the lack of collection infrastructure as well as the geographic distribution of the EOL EV battery supply into consideration. 285National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Neubauer, J., Smith, S., Wood, E., and A. Pesaran. February 2015. “Technical Report: Identifying and Overcoming Critical Barriers to Widespread Second Use of PEV Batteries.”PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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