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Appendix C: Lithium-ion Battery Chemistries and Composition There are several different types of li-ion batteries, each of which offers different voltages, power and energy performances, with trade-offs between cost, efficiency, and safety. The main difference between them is their cathode chemistry. Either alone or in conjunction with one another, the main chemistries used in the industry at the moment, along with examples of vehicle models in which they are deployed, are summarized in Table 20. Table 20 Descriptions of Various Li-ion EV Battery Chemistries Cathode Acronym Chemical EV Model Description Chemistry Composition Example Lithium Cobalt Oxide LCO LiCoO2 Tesla Roadster, Smart Fortwo electric drive LCO is rarely (if at all) used in EVs anymore due to the high cobalt content (about 60%). Due to their high energy density, long life cycle, and ease of manufacturing, lithium cobalt oxide has been the positive electrode material of choice in lithium batteries for many years, and is used in most personal electronics (e.g., laptops, cameras, tablets, etc.). However, these batteries are very reactive and suffer from poor thermal stability and must be monitored during operation to ensure safe use. These characteristics have limited their use in EVs. The limited availability of cobalt also makes it more expensive and difficult to be a viable option for use in EVs. 300 301 300 Miao, Y., Hynan, P., von Jouanne, A., and A. Yokochi. (2019). “Current Li-Ion Battery Technologies in Electric Vehicles and Opportunities for Advancements.” Energies, 12, doi:10.3390/en12061074 301 “Understanding Battery Chemistries – Q&A with Simon Moores.” 30 July 2018.PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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