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Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide NMC LiNiMnCoO2 Chevrolet Bolt, Nissan Leaf NMC-cathodes, a combination of nickel-manganese-cobalt, have high energy density and reliability. The key drawback is the high cobalt content, which exposes EV manufacturers to price risks and challenges related to sustainable and ethical sourcing. Within NMC, there are a number of sub-chemistries, all of which have different ratios of nickel, manganese, and cobalt. Companies have switched from NMC111 to NMC442 to NMC622, and now NMC811 is slated for introduction. Lithium Iron Phosphate LFP LiFePO4 Used in China because of low cost Li-ion phosphate technology is used in BYD e-buses. 302 Improved thermal and chemical stability compared to oxides. Considered to offer greater safety than other li-ion technologies. Less susceptible to thermal runaway under abuse conditions. Good electrochemical performance with low resistance as well as a long cycle life. Downsides include lower energy density.303 Lithium Manganese Oxide LMO LiMn2O4 Chevrolet Volt, BMW i3 Lithium manganese oxide spinel offers a higher cell voltage than cobalt-based chemistries as well as higher temperature stability.304 Other advantages include lower cost and higher rate capability. Lower energy density (about 20% less) Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide NCA LiNiCoAlO2 Tesla models Shares similarities with NMC by offering a long life span, high specific energy density and reasonably good specific power (the rate at which the battery can deliver energy). Not as safe as other li-ion battery types and require special safety monitoring measures to be employed for use in EVs. More costly to manufacture, limiting their viability for use in other applications.305 Multiple studies in the literature report on the metal composition of different li-ion battery types, either by weight, by kWh, or some other metric. As an example, Figure 52 shows the variations in metal content as a % of total metal in the battery per kWh. The figure includes a number of NMC batteries with different numbers, which represent the ratio of nickel:manganese:cobalt in each particular blend. 302“Understanding Battery Chemistries – Q&A with Simon Moores.” 30 July 2018.PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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