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among other countries.332 With the rise in EV sales, cobalt demand has been increasing at a rate of 3-4% annually since 2010, which has had a significant impact on its price. The increasing demand and subsequent rising prices are leading some battery manufacturers to reduce the cobalt content of their batteries. This is particularly true for the NMC type li-ion batteries, which previously employed a ratio of 1:1:1 (nickel, manganese, cobalt), but are now moving to 6:2:2 or 8:1:1. Figure 63 shows the sources of cobalt globally. There is a strong interest by all EV manufacturers to find their own secure sources of cobalt outside of the DRC. One of the big drivers for EV battery recycling is to create a secure supply chain for the various materials needed to manufacture batteries. Figure 63 Sources of Cobalt Globally (2017) 333 Like cobalt, nickel is used in both NMC and NCA batteries, but not in LFP batteries. It makes up around 80% of an NCA cathode used in Tesla models and around 33% in NMC 1:1:1 cathodes, but in the future it is projected to make up around 80% of the cathode in the shift towards NMC 8:1:1 batteries.343 According to Simon Moores, Managing Director at Benchmark Mineral Intelligence, the demand for nickel is set to increase up to 19 times if under-construction li-ion production facilities come online as planned.334 “Nickel demand from EV batteries is set to grow by between 30- 40% a year, making it the fastest-growing battery raw material,” said Moores.335 Unlike cobalt, nickel production is spread more evenly between a greater number of countries – 332 Zubi, G., Dufo-Lopez, R., Carvalho, M., and G. Pasaoglu. (2018). “The lithium-ion battery: State of the art and future perspectives.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 89, 292-308. 333 American Manganese Business Plan December 2018. Original source USGS, 2017. https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/cobalt/mcs-2017-cobal.pdf 334 https://investingnews.com/daily/resource-investing/base-metals-investing/nickel-investing/nickel-tipped-fastest-growing-battery-metal- boom/ 335 https://investingnews.com/daily/resource-investing/base-metals-investing/nickel-investing/nickel-tipped-fastest-growing-battery-metal- boom/ KELLEHER RESEARCH STUDY ON REUSE AND RECYCLING OF BATTERIES EMPLOYED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER, 2019 PAGE 182PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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