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Energies 2020, 13, 2259 3 of 24 PCHE with a different configuration, which is a promising result increasing the thermal performance of the S-CO2 integrated with ORC. All this research involves a substantial economic investment; however, there is an effective way with a high degree of reliability to perform these tests without the need for tuning, and that is through dynamic modeling. In engineering, dynamic modeling and simulation are increasingly relevant, as there is a growing need to study the chaotic function of complex structures made up of components from different domains. The models may be used to conduct danger and operability tests. Automated emergency response protocols were validated in [20], as in the case of Xiaoyan Ji et al. [18] also, who performed the heat exchanger design for the suspensions in biogas plants, which was analyzed numerically based on the rheological properties and further coupled with full thermal cycles to demonstrate waste heat recovery and high heating capacity for heat exchangers design. Dynamic models may help design heat-sharing facilities [21]. For example, Oh Jong-Taek et al. [22] demonstrated employing computational fluid dynamics to study the heat transfer and flow characteristics, as well as the effect of mass flow on temperature and pressure distribution in PCHE. On the other hand, the Brayton S-CO2 cycles help to predict the advantages of compact equipment within the moderate temperature range (450–750 ◦C), as well as finding the disadvantages of materials due to high temperatures and pressure, studied in various applications [23,24]. Craig S. Turchi et al. [25] using simulations of the Brayton S-CO2 cycle, observed favorable characteristics such as the capacity to adapt dry cooling and produce the desired efficiency in the area of solar energy concentration. Yann Le Moullec [26] proposed a closed Brayton S-CO2 loop based on combining carbon capture and storage facilities to mitigate CO2 pollution as electricity production from coal-fired power plants is a significant source of ambient CO2 pollution, as Olumide Olumayegun et al. [27] where the thermodynamic performance of Brayton S-CO2 cycles coupled to a coal furnace and integrated with 90% post-combustion CO2 capture was evaluated, investigating three background s-CO2 cycle designs, including a new recompression cycle with a single recuperator, showing as a result, that the configuration with a recompression cycle and a single recuperator has the highest net plant efficiency. Without CO2 capture, the effectiveness of the coal-fired plants was higher than that of steam. Youcan Liang et al. [28], shows the application of the method on a dual-fuel engine, which reveals that the maximum net power of the system is up to 40.88 kW, improving by 6.78%, leading to greater energy efficiency and reduced fuel consumption of the engine. Complementarily, Shih-Ping Kao et al. [29] released the results of a complex simulation code based on actual gas and integral momentum models, which was developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to test control strategies for a small light-water reactor fitted with a compact Brayton S-CO2 cycle. Based on the significant energy loss presented in the industrial generation engine, some waste heat recovery systems based on the Brayton S-CO2 cycle have been studied. Therefore, in 2018 Antti Uusitalo et al. [30] examined the use of supercritical Brayton cycles to recover power from the exhaust gases of large-scale engines. The objective of this study was to examine electricity generation through varying operating conditions and organic fluids and thus define the key design parameters influencing the cycle’s energy output. In 2018 Piero Danieli et al. [31] measured the economic and thermodynamic efficiency of four separate waste heat recovery systems implemented through simulation to two hollow glass furnaces producing around 4 MWt of heat loss at 450 ◦C. Also, Subhash Lahane et al. [32] planned a heat exchanger design to collect the excess heat from the exhaust gases of a diesel engine to preheat the air entering the combustion chamber; this should be situated between the engine’s inlet and outlet ducts. However, it is also possible to determine optimal operating conditions of the combined Brayton-ORC system through advanced exergetic analysis, as in the case of Valencia et al. [33], where the fluid is selected to perform an advanced exergetic analysis in a combined thermal system using the ORC as bottoming cycle of an internal combustion engine, finding improvements of up to 80% in the components of the process. The thermo-economic analyses had been used to optimize the components of a trigeneration system, constituted by a gas microturbine and a heat recovery steamPDF Image | S-CO2 Brayton Cycle Coupled with ORC as Bottoming Cycle
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