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Processes 2020, 8, 1461 6 of 18 air bottoming cycle, and the operation performance of the bottoming cycle was less affected by the fuel cell operating temperature [41]. Bae et al. [42] compared to the thermodynamic performance of four different configurations of the s-CO2 bottoming cycle to recover waste heat from the MCFC flue gas and compared it with the regenerative air Rankine cycle. The results showed that the total efficiency of the system could be improved by nearly 11% by using the cascade cycle, which was much higher than that of the system using the air Rankine cycle as the bottoming cycle. Moreover, the investigation from Baronci et al. [43] showed that the adoption of the s-CO2 bottoming cycle under optimal conditions could enhance the total energy efficiency of the system by 8.15%. Meanwhile, through a performance comparison, it was found that the total energy efficiency of the system using s-CO2 as the bottoming cycle could reach 55.3%, while total energy efficiency of the system using ORC (cyclohexane as the working fluid) as the bottoming cycle was only 53.3%. Moreover, Ahmadi et al. [44] proposed a combined cycle of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and s-CO2, which used s-CO2 fluid to replace the cooling water of conventional fuel cells. It also reused the gasification cooling energy of liquefied natural gas (LNG) to reduce the condensation temperature of the combined cycle to improve the cycle efficiency. Through a sensitivity analysis of the system operation parameters, the study demonstrated that the total energy efficiency of the system would decrease with the increase of operating temperature of the fuel cell and the increase of the pinch point temperature difference in the pre-heater of the bottoming cycle. The total energy efficiency of the system could be improved with the increase of the turbine inlet temperature of the bottoming cycle and the decrease of the pinch point temperature difference of the condenser. This study also showed that using s-CO2 as the bottoming cycle could increase the net output power of the cycle by 39.56%, and the total energy efficiency could reach up to 72.36%. Furthermore, Mahmoudi et al. [45] put forward the MCFC/s-CO2/ORC cascade system to create a combined supply of cooling, heating, and power, and optimized the system with multiple objectives to maximize the exergic efficiency and minimize the initial investment of the system. The results showed that the largest exergy loss of the system came from the fuel cell cycle, and the operating temperature of the fuel cell was positively correlated with the exergy efficiency and initial investment of the system. The latest research by Ryu et al. [46], compared the thermodynamic performance of the MCFC cycle using three different configurations of the s-CO2 bottoming cycle. The results showed that the total energy efficiency of the system could be increased by 3.41–4.6% by adding the bottoming cycle, and the back pressure of the compressor was the key parameter that affected the bottom cycle performance. In addition, the economic analysis of the system showed that the combined cycle had obvious economic advantages over the traditional thermal and power cogeneration system, i.e., the heating cost was less than $28/Gcal, and the cost of printed circuit board heat exchanger (PCHE) was lower than $100/kW. 4.2. Internal Combustion Engine Another research hotspot in this field is the comprehensive recovery and utilization of waste heat of internal combustion engines (ICE) using the CO2-based bottoming cycle. The most extensive research in this area has been conducted by Shu et al., which have been summarized herein. In context to theoretical research, the system performance of different forms of CO2 or ORC bottoming cycles for the cascade recovery of the waste heat of exhaust and jacket water, of a four-cylinder four-stroke water-cooled internal combustion engine, was analyzed. The results showed that the combined use of preheating and the regenerative CO2 cycle could increase the total net output power of the system by 9.0 kW at the highest, and the corresponding thermal and exergic efficiencies of the system were increased by 184% and 227%, respectively [47]. Moreover, after further comparison of four different configurations of CO2 bottoming cycles, it was found that the contribution of the pre-heater to the recovery of waste heat from the jacket water and the improvement of the net output power of the system due to the set of the regenerator, were 5.5 kW, and 7.0 kW, respectively. The relevant overall exergic efficiency of the system could reach 48% by using the pre-heater with the regenerator CO2 bottoming cycle. At the same time, the system economy studies shown that setting the regeneratorPDF Image | s-CO2) Power Cycle for Waste Heat Recovery
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