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Processes 2020, 8, 1461 5 of 18 In summary, with respect to conventional thermodynamic cycles, supercritical carbon dioxide(s-CO2) cycles offer a wide range of operating temperatures and potentially higher efficiencies, and a much smaller environmental footprint [34–36]. Power cycles running on s-CO2 have received wide attention, and the number of publications has risen exponentially in recent years. However, the great potential for this technology in waste heat recovery remains to be further explored, which makes Processes 2020, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 18 this comprehensive review of recent advances in s-CO2 cycles for waste heat recovery highly relevant. 4. Advances in s-CO2Power Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery 4. Advances in s-CO2 Power Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery In general, a cogeneration system can be consisted of a topping- and a bottoming cycle on the In general, a cogeneration system can be consisted of a topping- and a bottoming cycle on the basis of the sequence of energy use. In the topping cycle, the input primary energy is used to first basis of the sequence of energy use. In the topping cycle, the input primary energy is used to first produce power and thermal energy, whilein a bottoming cycle the waste heat rejected from the produce power and thermal energy, whilein a bottoming cycle the waste heat rejected from the topping topping cycle is further used to generate power through a recovery heat exchanger and a turbine cycle is further used to generate power through a recovery heat exchanger and a turbine machine. machine. The bottoming cycles are suitable for recovery the low-grade waste heat produced by The bottoming cycles are suitable for recovery the low-grade waste heat produced by industrial industrial processes to realizing the cascade utilization of energy. processes to realizing the cascade utilization of energy. In this section, studies on different applications of CO2-based bottoming cycles for waste heat In this section, studies on different applications of CO2-based bottoming cycles for waste heat recovery have been summarized and discussed in detail. It should be noted that the investigations recovery have been summarized and discussed in detail. It should be noted that the investigations on CO2-based power cycles are primarily focused on solar energy [36,37] and carbon capture systems on CO2-based power cycles are primarily focused on solar energy [36,37] and carbon capture [38,39]. Nevertheless, this section will only focus on those studies that utilize CO2 power cycles for systems [38,39]. Nevertheless, this section will only focus on those studies that utilize CO2 power industrial waste heat recovery applications. Figure 4 illustrates a roadmap for the progress of research cycles for industrial waste heat recovery applications. Figure 4 illustrates a roadmap for the progress of the s-CO2 cycle for different industrial waste heat recovery applications in the last ten years. of research of the s-CO2 cycle for different industrial waste heat recovery applications in the last ten Research has been mainly concentrated on three aspects, i.e., recovering waste heat from fuel cells, years. Research has been mainly concentrated on three aspects, i.e., recovering waste heat from fuel internal combustion engines(ICE), and gas turbine. Moreover, waste heat recovery from nuclear cells, internal combustion engines (ICE), and gas turbine. Moreover, waste heat recovery from nuclear power plants and landfills has been also carried out. power plants and landfills has been also carried out. Figure 4. Roadmap of s-CO2 investigation in different industrial waste heat recovery applications. Figure 4. Roadmap of s-CO2 investigation in different industrial waste heat recovery applications. 4.1. Fuel Cell anditappliedaregeneratives-CO cycletorecoverfluegaswasteheatfromhigh-temperaturesolid waste heat recovery in high tempe2rature fuel cells. The pioneering work was reported in 2009 [40], oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC). The total system efficiency was increased and it applied a regenerative s-CO2 cycle to recover flue gas waste heat from high-temperature solid 4.1. Fuel Cell The research in relevant region begins with the employment of CO2-based bottoming cycles for waste heat recovery in high temperature fuel cells. The pioneering work was reported in 2009 [40], The research in relevant region begins with the employment of CO2-based bottoming cycles for by 4.4%, while the total net output power was increased by 583.6 kW. The study then compared the oxide fuel cell(SOFC) and molten carbonate fuel cell(MCFC). The total system efficiency was combinationsofsixdifferentconfigurationsoffuelcellands-CO cycles.Theresultsindicatedthatthe increased by 4.4%, while the total net output power was inc2reased by 583.6kW. The study then requiredpowerconsumptionofthecompressorforthes-CO bottomingcyclewasfarlowerthanthe compared the combinations of six different configurations o2f fuel cell and s-CO2 cycles. The results indicated that the required power consumption of the compressor for the s-CO2 bottoming cycle was far lower than the air bottoming cycle, and the operation performance of the bottoming cycle was less affected by the fuel cell operating temperature [41]. Bae et al. [42] compared to the thermodynamic performance of four different configurations of the s-CO2 bottoming cycle to recover waste heat from the MCFC flue gas and compared it with the regenerative air Rankine cycle. The results showed that the total efficiency of the system could be improved by nearly 11% by using the cascade cycle, whichPDF Image | s-CO2) Power Cycle for Waste Heat Recovery
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