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Processes 2020, 8, 1461 7 of 18 is conducive to improving the system economy, while adding the pre-heater is not as useful [48]. In addition, by establishing a dynamic cycle model, the influence of different operating parameters on the performance of the CO2 bottoming cycle under partial load condition of the ICE was studied. Accordingly, a system operation control strategy with the mass flow rate of the working fluid as the regulation target was proposed [49]. In terms of experimental research, the CO2 bottoming cycle performance under typical operating conditions of the ICE was tested with different cycle pressure ratios [50]. Meanwhile, the dynamic performance of the CO2 bottoming cycle of three different configurations under given operating conditions was compared to a study of the influence of different working fluid mass flow rates and cycle pressure ratios. The time constant of the dynamic system performance was obtained [51,52]. Furthermore, aimedat the special ICE operation conditions, such as start, idling, and emergency stop, the operating performance of the CO2 bottoming cycle with the pre-heater, was studied. The results showed that the preheating effectively prevented the pressure surge at the inlet of the expander, so as to ensure the stable and safe operation of CO2 bottoming cycle under special working conditions. It also improved the energy efficiency of the overall system under partial load conditions [53]. The latest investigation by Shu et al., pertains to the development of an ICE-CO2 cold-power cogeneration system, which consists of theoretical analyses on the operating performances of the system under various operation modes. The results showed that compared with the traditional system, the proposed system could reduce fuel consumption of the ICE by 2.9% under the refrigeration mode, and increase the total net output power by 4.8%. Meanwhile, under the ice-making mode, the fuel consumption could be reduced by 3.4% and the total net output power of the system was increased by 1.6% [54]. In addition, Shu et al. proposed to adjust the condensation temperature of the CO2 bottoming cycle by using mixed working fluid, and to simulate the dynamics of the system with different mixed working fluid by using the finite volume method and a moving boundary model. The results of the off-design modelling of the proposed systems showed that under the same operating conditions, with the increase of CO2 concentration in the mixed working fluid, the dynamic response speed of the system became faster, while the thermal efficiency and net output power of the system decreased slightly. Moreover, the maximum value of net output power appeared at operation conditions with high working fluid pump speed [55]. Moreover, the performance of the system with the CO2/R134a mixture as the working fluid was experimentally analyzed. The influence of different concentrations of the mixed working fluid on the energy efficiency of the system was investigated. The results indicated that the energy efficiency and the net output work showed a trend of first rising and then falling as the mass fraction of R134a increased [56]. Relevant studies in this area were also conducted by Choi et al. [57] who proposed to use the temperature difference between the jacket water of a marine engine and seawater to drive the two-stage reheat CO2 power cycle. Thermodynamic analyses showed that the maximum net output power of the CO2 bottom cycle was 383 kW, the highest thermal efficiency of the system was 7.87%, and the highest exergic efficiency was 5.96%. Moreover, Sharma et al. [58] carried out thermodynamic analyses on the regenerative and recompressed s-CO2 Brayton cycle used to recover waste heat from flue gas of marine engines. The influence of several key operation parameters, such as the inlet temperature of the turbine and compressor, as well as the equipment pressure drop on the overall performance of the combined cycle, was investigated. The results showed that the s-CO2 bottoming cycle improved the overall cycle efficiency, and the net output power by 10%, and 25%, respectively. In addition, the exhaust composition and exhaust temperature of the gas turbine in the topping cycle had a significant effect on the performance of the s-CO2 bottoming cycle. Hou et al. [59] proposed a tri-generation system by recovering the waste heat from the marine engine based on the recompression s-CO2 cycle. They carried out a thermal-economic optimization for the proposed system through a genetic algorithm. The study showed that the high-temperature regenerator and evaporator of the refrigeration system were the key components that affected the thermal economy of the proposed system. Manjunath et al. [60] presented the energetic and exergetic performance analyses of a supercritical/transcritical CO2PDF Image | s-CO2) Power Cycle for Waste Heat Recovery
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