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Selection of Optimum Working Fluid for Organic Rankine Cycles

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Selection of Optimum Working Fluid for Organic Rankine Cycles ( selection-optimum-working-fluid-organic-rankine-cycles )

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Sustainability 2015, 7 15363 Keywords: Rankine; exergy; economic 1. Introduction Nowadays, renewable energy resources such as solar, geothermal and wind, as well as heat losses from a wide range of industries, are increasingly being considered as energy sources that can help meet the world’s demand. Waste heat is often at relatively low temperatures, making it very difficult to convert such heat to electrical energy via conventional methods. As a result, many potential heat sources are wasted. Research on how to convert such heat resources to electricity is ongoing. Various cycles such as the organic Rankine, supercritical Rankine, Kalina, Goswami, and trilateral flash cycles have been investigated for electrical power production from low temperature heat resources [1]. The operating principles for organic and steam-based Rankine cycles are similar. The main difference is the choice of working fluid. Refrigerants such as butane, pentane, hexane and silicon oil, which have lower boiling temperatures than water, can be used as working fluids in organic Rankine cycles (ORCs). These fluids are heated with low temperature heat like recovered waste heat and have properties that differ from those of water in many respects. Organic Rankine cycles have been studied both theoretically [2,3] and experimentally [4] since the 1970s, and exhibit efficiencies lower than 10% for small-scale systems. The first commercial organic Rankine cycles, which used geothermal and solar heat sources, appeared between 1970 and 1980. Numerous organic Rankine cycles have been installed in some countries (e.g., USA, Canada, Italy and Germany), although applications have also been reported in Finland, Belgium, Swaziland, Austria, Russia, Romania, India and Morocco. There are numerous ORC equipment suppliers. Ormat and Turboden produce units for waste heat recovery for various industries (oil and gas, biomass, energy, packaging, cement and glass). The Swedish companies Upon AB and Entrans have installed several Organic Rankine cycles in Sweden in recent years. Upon AB has developed the Upon Power Box, a technology to generate electrical power from waste heat. Organic Rankine cycles with a total capacity of more than 1800 MWe are installed today around the world, most linked to biomass combined heat and power (CHP) and geothermal heat sources [5]. The basic configuration and thermodynamic principles of steam and organic Rankine cycles are similar, but working fluids with thermodynamic properties that best suit the heat source are selected for organic Rankine cycles. Organic Rankine cycles have numerous advantages over conventional electrical generation systems: • Lower temperature applications • Low operation and maintenance costs • Compactness • No water consumption in some models • Smaller expanders with higher rotational speeds • Quiet operation • Simple start/stop procedures

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