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Sustainability 2015, 7 15364 Another advantage of organic working fluids is that the turbine in ORC requires a single-stage expander. This makes organic Rankine cycles simpler and more economic than typical Rankine cycles [6]. Applications of ORCs include the following: • Biomass • Geothermal energy • Solar • Heat recovery The saturation curve slope for organic working fluids can be positive (iso-pentane), negative (R22) or vertical (R11). These fluids are called “wet”, “dry” and “isentropic” fluids, respectively. Wet fluids (water) usually need to be superheated for electrical generation applications. Other organic fluids, of the dry or isentropic types, do not need to be superheated. Much research has been carried out on organic Rankine cycles and their working fluids. Hung et al. investigated efficiencies of ORCs using benzene, ammonia, R11, R12, R134a and R113 as working fluids. They concluded that isentropic fluids were the most suitable for recovering low-temperature waste heat [7]. Angelino and Colonna developed a computer code with a commercial package for ORC analysis and optimization [8]. Yamamoto et al. investigated an ORC using HCFC-123 as a working fluid and conclude that this system has a better efficiency than one using water as a working fluid [9]. Nguyen et al. designed a Rankine cycle using n-pentane as the working fluid. This system produces 1.5 kW of electricity with a thermal efficiency of 4.3% [10]. Wei et al. reported a performance assessment and optimization of an ORC using HFC-245fa (3-pentafluoropropane) as a working fluid. The cycle was driven by exhaust heat. They concluded that usage of exhaust heat is a good way to improve system net power output and efficiency [11]. Saleh et al. investigated 31 pure components as working fluids for organic Rankine cycles. They concluded that ORCs typically operate between 100 and 30 °C for geothermal power plants at pressures mostly limited to 20 bar, but in some cases supercritical pressures are also considered. Thermal efficiencies are presented for various cycles. In the case of subcritical pressure processes, one has to identify (1) whether the shape of the saturated vapor line in the T-s diagram is bell-shaped or overhanging; and (2) whether the vapor entering the turbine is saturated or superheated. Moreover, for the case where the vapor leaving the turbine is superheated, an internal heat exchanger (IHE) may be used. The highest thermal efficiencies are obtained for high-temperature boiling substances with an overhanging saturated vapor line in subcritical processes within an IHE, e.g., for n-butane the thermal efficiency is 0.130. On the other hand, a pinch analysis of the heat transfer for the heat carrier with a maximum temperature of 120 °C to the working fluid shows that the largest amount of heat can be transferred to a supercritical fluid and the least to a high boiling temperature subcritical fluid [12]. Mago and Chamra performed an exergy analysis of a combined engine-organic Rankine cycle, and conclude that the ORC with an engine improves the first and second law efficiencies [13]. Mago et al. analyzed regenerative organic Rankine cycles using dry organic working fluids; the cycles convert waste heat to electricity. The dry organic fluids considered are R113, R245ca, R123, and isobutane, which have boiling points ranging from −12 °C to 48 °C. The regenerative ORC was analyzed and compared with a basic ORC in order to determine the configuration that presents the best thermal efficiency and minimum irreversibility. The authors demonstrated that a regenerative ORC has a higher efficiencyPDF Image | Selection of Optimum Working Fluid for Organic Rankine Cycles
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