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Sustainability 2015, 7 15365 than the basic ORC, and also releases less waste heat when producing the same electricity with less irreversibility [14]. Chacartegui et al. investigated low temperature organic Rankine cycles as bottoming cycles in medium and large scale combined cycle power plants. The following organic working fluids were considered: R113, R245, isobutene, toluene, cyclohexane and isopentane. Competitive results were obtained for ORC combined cycles using toluene and cyclohexane as working fluids; as such, the systems exhibited reasonably high global efficiencies [15]. Dai et al. investigated ORCs for low-grade waste heat recovery with different working fluids. Thermodynamic properties for each working fluid were investigated and the cycles were optimized with exergy efficiency as an objective function using genetic algorithms. The authors showed that the cycles with organic working fluids were better than the cycle with water for converting low-grade waste heat to useful work. The cycle with R236EA exhibits the highest exergy efficiency. Adding an internal heat exchanger to the ORC did not improve the performance under the given waste heat conditions [16]. Quoilin et al. performed thermodynamic and economic optimizations of small-scale ORCs for waste-heat recovery applications, considering R245fa, R123, n-butane, n-pentane and R1234yf and Solkatherm as working fluids. They determined that the operating point for maximum power did not correspond to that of the minimum specific investment cost [17]. Wang et al. analyzed the performance of nine pure organic fluids at specific operating regions and foud that R11, R141b, R113 and R123 exhibited slightly better thermodynamic performances than the others, and that R245fa and R245ca were the most environmentally benign working fluids for engine waste heat-recovery applications [18]. Qiu compared and optimized the eight most commonly applied working fluids and developed a performance ranking by means of the spinal point method [19]. Hun Kang theoretically and experimentally investigated an ORC for generating electric power using a low-temperature heat source, using R245fa as a working fluid [20]. Wang et al. modeled a regenerative organic Rankine cycle for utilizing solar energy over a range of low temperatures, considering flat-plate solar collectors and thermal storage systems. They showed that system performance could be improved, under realistic constraints, by increasing turbine inlet pressure and temperature or lowering the turbine backpressure, and by using a higher turbine inlet temperature with a saturated vapor input. Compared to other working fluids, R245fa and R123 were identified as the most suitable for the system, in part due to their low operation pressures and the good performance they fostered [21]. Quoilin et al. described ORC applications, markets and costs, working fluid selection, and expansion machine issues [22]. Clement et al. presented an ORC system for recovering heat from a 100 kWe commercial gas turbine with an internal recuperator. They optimized the thermodynamic cycles, considering six working fluids, and analyzed several expanders to determine the most suitable [23]. Branchini et al. evaluated six thermodynamic indexes: cycle efficiency, specific work, recovery efficiency, turbine volumetric expansion ratio, ORC fluid-to-hot source mass flow ratio and heat exchanger size, for several cycle configurations: recuperation, superheated, supercritical, regenerative and combinations [24]. Lecomptea et al. developed a thermoeconomic design methodology for an ORC based on specific investment cost, operating conditions and part load behavior, which permitted selection of the optimum cycle [25].PDF Image | Selection of Optimum Working Fluid for Organic Rankine Cycles
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