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Sustainability 2015, 7 15376 Fluid Ω ΔP 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 Working Fluid Figure 5. System exergy efficiency for various working fluids. In Table 5, the value of exergy efficiency, energy efficiency, isentropic efficiency, electricity cost rate, power output, expander rotational speed, pressure difference and system input heat are presented for the optimal condition. Table 5. Optimized thermodynamic parameter values for various working fluids. % % % Exergy Thermal Isentropic Efficiency Efficiency Efficiency R134a 21 R123 19 R227ea 20 R245fa 19 R600 22 Iso-butane 22 Iso-pentane 20 n-pentane 19 Toluene 15 6.1 52 5.5 52 5.6 51 5.4 52 6.1 51 6.2 52 5.6 51 5.4 50 4.4 50 (USD/kWh) (kW) 0.08 0.40 0.49 0.06 0.15 0.20 0.29 0.10 0.14 0.23 0.10 0.30 0.36 0.084 0.46 0.065 1.43 0.021 (RPM) (kPa) (kW) 3917 1389. 7.70 3 655 222 1.30 3053 920.7 4.30 684.9 366 2.28 1021 539 4.35 1009 745.5 5.70 939 212.5 1.76 937 165.3 1.43 836 58.3 0.56 Since exergy efficiency is a function of electrical work output and heat input, energy efficiency can be considered to be maximized when exergy efficiency is maximized, as they depend on the same variables. The lowest energy efficiency occurs for the working fluid toluene (4.4%) and the highest for iso-butane (6.2%). Systems using R600 and R134a exhibit relatively high energy efficiencies, both about 6.1%. The R600 and R134a fluids are appropriate for use in organic Rankine cycles as they provide the best efficiencies under the analyzed conditions. The isentropic efficiency of the expander is important in determining the amount of useful work it produces. Lower isentropic efficiencies mean that there are significant losses internally. As the fluid is expanded, the potential work instead is lost in overcoming friction and leakage losses. The isentropic efficiency for most working fluids considered is at or near the maximum value at the given conditions. Exergy EfficiencyPDF Image | Selection of Optimum Working Fluid for Organic Rankine Cycles
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