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Energies 2017, 10, 413 20 of 26 5. Conclusions Figure 10. High speed electric generators [122]. This paper provides an overview of the state of the art in ORC technology for low power applications. The objective of the analysis is two-fold. Firstly, an economic investigation has been developed to determine the specific cost that would make ORC technology competitive in small-scale power production. Secondly, a technical overview on the methodologies employed in the literature for the selection of the expander and of the working fluid has been presented. The conclusions drawn from this study are: • The specific cost of ORC units should not exceed the value of 3500 e/kW and 2500 e/kW in the power range of 5–10 kW and 10–100 kW, respectively. • The main reason why ORC technology is not widely available at a commercial level in small-scale power production is its high specific cost. Therefore, efforts should tend towards the optimization of the system to reduce the specific cost, which in turn lowers the payback period. • With the objective of reducing the specific cost of the technology for small-scale applications, it is important that research pursues the goal of performing a more holistic analysis, in which all indicators that influence the specific costs are optimized at the same time. Thermodynamic, economic and technical aspects should be optimized together to guarantee the dissemination of small-scale ORC plants. • The literature lacks experimental data of ORC systems in the power range of 10–100 kW, which are required to facilitate the diffusion of the ORC technology in the small-scale power range. • The expander plays a crucial role in the definition of the system’s performance. Much effort has been put into the investigation of volumetric expanders. However, it is important to highlight that the efficiency, compactness and power-to-weight ratio of turbo expanders overcome those of volumetric machines, particularly when the power output is above 10 kW. The reduction in cost of high speed electric generators together with the use of working fluids that do not require an unreasonably high turbine rotational speed could rapidly make small-scale ORC units cost-effective. ORC systems for the production of power outputs in the range of 1–100 kW still experience little market absorption. The advances in technology together with further government incentives on investments are essential to fill in the existing market gap.PDF Image | Small Scale Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)
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