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Symmetry 2020, 12, 1963 3 of 12 efficiency of the thermoelectric generator were presented: heat exchanger geometry, heat exchanger materials, the installation site of the thermoelectric generator within the car, and the coolant system of the thermoelectric generator. Regarding the above works, the present study tried to hold focus on the other aspects of optimized conditions. As an example, thermoelectric generation performance was evaluated depending on the compressive force applied to the module. The compressive force is, in specific, a crucial means not only to lock TEG device to the heat source, but also to minimize the heat resistance, so TEG can perform maximum power. However, some optimal force exists where, putting more compressive force can reduce the performance because of heat transfer convergence to its maximum level, and putting more stress on the module can reduce the power because of the material’s deformation. Moreover, putting more stress may result in mechanical failure. Additionally, the effect of the thermoelectric module surface temperature uniformity on the overall power generation performance was evaluated quantitatively. On the other hand, the experiment on the thermoelectric module power performance depending on the heat sink was conducted in a similar but partially different way from what Esarte et al. did [16]. The main difference was that in the present study, various types of heat sinks with different geometry (fin height, fin array) were applied whereas in Esarte’s work, heat sinks were almost similar to one other with the same size except that fin thicknesses and numbers were varied from one another. After all, the main purpose of the present study was to simulate the waste heat recovery TEG system in automobiles and small-sized industrial facilities and thus, find the design factor that enhances the overall performance of the TEG system. 2. Materials and Methods Before discussing the experiment, thermoelectric generation phenomena will be briefly explained. The solid-state direct energy conversion is based on the thermoelectric phenomena which cover the Seebeck, Peltier, and Thompson effects. For the thermoelectric generation case, the dominating thermoelectric phenomenon is the Seebeck effect of which the main principle is as follows: When the junctions of two dissimilar semiconductors, as shown in Figure 1, are maintained at different temperatures, the current flows through the closed-loop. The temperature difference between the two junctions and the electromotive force has the following linear relation where is the Seebeck coefficient. E = αAB∆T (1) where: E—open circuit voltage (V); α—Seebeck coefficient (V/K); ∆T—hot/cold side temperature difference [17]. The figure of merit ZT (figure of merit) determines the generation performance of a specific thermoelectric material and is characterized by the thermal/electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and the hot/cold side average temperature as described by Equation (2). ZT = α2σT (2) κ where: ZT—figure of merit (-); κ—thermal conductivity (W/m2·K); σ—electrical conductivity (Ω); T—mean temperature (K) [17]. ZT is a measure that determines the performance of thermoelectric material itself. Higher ZT is desirable in general. Looking at Equation (2), we can find why higher ZT is desirable. Low thermal conductivity between the hot and cold side of the module ensures ∆T is relatively well preserved so that electricity is well-produced according to Equation (1). High electrical conductivity and the Seebeck coefficient implies the material has more capability to produce electricity. Higher mean operating temperature implies the material is capable of operating at high temperature, and consequently higher ∆T.PDF Image | Small Thermoelectric System Applicable to Real-Time PCR Devices
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