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𝐸 = 𝛼∆𝑇 (1) where: E—open circuit voltage (V); α—Seebeck coefficient (V/K); ΔT—hot/cold side temperature difference [17]. The figure of merit ZT (figure of merit) determines the generation performance of a specific thermoelectric material and is characterized by the thermal/electrical conductivity, Seebeck Symmetry 2020, 12, 1963 4 of 12 coefficient, and the hot/cold side average temperature as described by Equation (2). Figure 1. Schematic of the basic thermoelectric generation circuit. A temperature difference between Figure 1. Schematic of the basic thermoelectric generation circuit. A temperature difference between two dissimilar semiconductors produces a voltage difference between the two substances, which can two dissimilar semiconductors produces a voltage difference between the two substances, which can be applied to thermal-to-electrical energy conversion. be applied to thermal-to-electrical energy conversion. The conversion efficiency, described by Equation (3) could be derived by using energy balance and is shown as a function of ZT and the hot/cold side temperature in the thermoelectric material. √ ε = TH − TC √ ZT + 1 − 1 (3) TH ZT + 1 + TC TH where: TH—hot side temperature (K); TC—cold side temperature (K) [17]. As seen in Equation (3), TH and TC are fixed with varying ZT. We can see conversion efficiency increases with higher ZT. Current commercial thermoelectric materials usually have ZT of 0.8–1 and conversion efficiency of 4–5%. However, thermoelectric material Bi2Te3, GeTe, PbTe are being developed continuously with each material being doped with Bi and In, and due to the recent developments, it has been reported ZT as high as 2.4 and that conversion efficiency as high as 15% can be achieved [18–20]. Now, looking at the thermoelectric generation system for exhaust gas waste heat recovery, the overall system efficiency cannot exactly match the thermoelectric conversion efficiency due to heat loss and thermal contact resistance which occurs at the interfaces. Considering such irreversible effects, the overall system efficiency of the TEG can be analyzed as follows: ηov =ε×ηHX×ρ, (4) where: ε—conversion efficiency (-); ηHX—heat exchanger efficiency; ρ—heat flux efficiency [16]. ηHX and ρ indicates the heat exchanger efficiency and heat flux efficiency, respectively. Here, heat exchanger efficiency, ηHX, is defied the ratio of ∆Tco-ci to ∆Thi-ci, which depends on fin geometry, convection type, and flow condition. Heat flux efficiency can be defined as a ratio of actual heat flux to maximum theoretical heat flux. Thermal resistance indeed exists within the interface region of the TEG system such as heat source to a thermoelectric module, and heat sink. Since the conversion efficiency, ε is an uncontrollable value at this moment, the focus should be on improving the other two values, by either designing a highly efficient heat exchanger or reducing thermal contact resistance. In the present study, three different experiments were conducted, independently. In the first experiment, the thermoelectric module generation performance was evaluated using a high-performance thermoelectric module with heat source and sink block. The general specifications of the thermoelectric module are specified in Table 1. In the second experiment, the TEG system for exhaust gas waste heat recovery was constructed and the power performance characteristics were compared to those of the first experiment. In the last experiment, various types of heat sinks were applied to the thermoelectric module to determine the power generation performance. For the measurement devices, a K-Type thermocouple was used to measure the hot/cold side temperature of the thermoelectric module as well as the inlet/outlet gas temperature inside the TEG system. The voltage was measured by extending the lead wire of the thermoelectric module to the multimeter. The airflow rate in the TEG system wasPDF Image | Small Thermoelectric System Applicable to Real-Time PCR Devices
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