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Solar Assisted Heat Pump with Seasonal Heat Storage

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Solar Assisted Heat Pump with Seasonal Heat Storage ( solar-assisted-heat-pump-with-seasonal-heat-storage )

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Entropy 2021, 23, 47 2 of 17 or cooling energy. In this way, all types of heat, including low-temperature heat, can be raised to the temperature level suitable for the heating system. A heat pump with minimal exergy consumption produces heat for space heating or sanitary hot water (SHW). Much of the heat produced by a HP is actually anergy drawn from the environment or other sources of waste or surplus heat. This is particularly evident when low temperature heating systems are used with energy efficient systems for distributing heat, such as underfloor heating in low energy houses. A thorough analysis of the energy efficiency of different heat sources and heating systems and their optimal control was carried out by Kazanci et al. [2] and Razmara et al. [3]. The building envelope can be regarded as the boundary of the system under consid- eration. In order to minimize the energy consumption in a building, it is important to minimize the energy flows beyond this system boundary. This can be achieved by the optimal use of internal heat sources. Various heat sources in the building are known, such as household appliances, electronic devices and wastewater. Following the definition of Sutherland et al. [4], in the context of this study we have restricted ourselves to grey water, which does not include black water, i.e., sanitary wastewater. In this paper, possible exergy, and, to some extent, energy savings for heating and cool- ing a building using RES and minimal energy flows across system boundaries were analyzed. In the literature, we found similar partial studies on this research topic. Dennemand et al. [5] conducted an experimental study on a photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T)-assisted brine-to- water HP for sanitary hot water (SHW) production. The results of the 9-month measure- ments showed that the non-insulated PV/T module heats the hot water tank to ambient temperature even during the time without direct solar radiation. The energy efficiency of PV/T-assisted HP for heating a single-family house was carried out by Hengel et al. [6]. Within the scope of their research work, they performed a simulation of a solar-assisted HP heating system in combination with a horizontal ground collector. The main results were the experimentally determined coefficient of performance (COP) and the seasonal performance factor (SPF). Based on the results, a significant positive effect of the heat storage tank on the energy efficiency of the HP was found. A field test with a solar integrated air source heat pump using R407C and with underfloor heating was conducted by Dong et al. [7]. Compared to a single air source heat pump, the former system achieved 7.9% higher exergy efficiency (76.8% vs. 71.1%). A rather low exergy efficiency in the case of a ground source heat pump with wall heating with a value of 27.4% was reported by Akbulut et al. [8]. The main reason for such an efficiency is the relatively low compressor efficiency due to the frequent activation of the compressor depending on the outdoor temperature. In the field of process heat generation, Suleman et al. [9] evaluated an integrated solar heat pump system with an exergy efficiency of 35.7%. Experimental studies of PV/T-assisted HPs in combination with a seasonal heat storage system were conducted by Naranjo-Mendoza et al. [10]. The study shows that the seasonal heat storage system significantly increases the efficiency of the heating system during the entire heating season. However, the need to improve the control to prevent extreme temperatures of the inlet liquid to the evaporator was pointed out. Ezzat et al. [11] performed energy and exergy analyses for a multigeneration heating, cooling, and electrical power generation system powered by renewable energy sources, namely geothermal and solar. They report an overall exergy efficiency of 42.8%. Several authors—Wong et al. [12], Ni et al. [13], and McNabola et al. [14]—investigated the effects of heat recovery from waste and grey water in buildings on energy use for heating purposes. They found varying proportions, from negligible to significant, of the coverage of heating needs depending on climatic conditions, the type of thermal characteristics of the building and the activities taking place in the building. Sun et al. [15] performed an exergy analysis comparing a multifunctional and a conventional heat pump (air conditioner). The multifunctional HP provided both cooling energy for space cooling and SHW by utilizing condensation heat. Compared to the conventional system, the multifunctional HP reduces the exergy loss ratio by 9.06%.

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