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Figure 1. The ORC system with internal heat exchanger: 1 evaporator, 2 multivane volume expander, 3 internal heat exchanger, 4 condenser, 5 solar collectors, 6 pump, 7 cooling tower. cycle of R245fa, the cycle of the water-glycol mixture in the collector circuit, and the cooling water cycle) is provided by particular pumps. The thermodynamic cycle was presented in the T-S diagram (Figure 2). This diagram takes into account the regeneration process in the internal heat exchanger (iso- baric processes: 2-2R and 4-4R). The ORC engine was tested experimentally for different temperatures of the heat source (50 –90 °C). The temperatures and pressures of the working fluid were measured and recorded. Temper- atures were measured using PT100 sensors (the four-wire sensors). The pressure converters were used for measuring pressures of the working fluid in the cycle. The measuring points were placed in the inlet and outlet of the expan- sion machine, in the inlet and outlet of the internal heat exchanger, and in the outlet of the condenser. On the basis of the measured data and thermodynamic properties of the R245fa (thermodynamic tables published by the producer), the enthalpy and entropy vales were obtained at the characteristic point of the cycle. On the basis of the enthalpy values, the thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle (with and without regeneration) can be calculated as the rate of the expansion work to the heat input (in the evaporator). Figure 2. Thermodynamic cycle of R245fa in the temperature- entropy coordinates. Figure 3. Thermodynamic efficiency of the ORC with and without the internal heat exchanger. The thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle without regeneration (eq 1) is C-R i3 i4 (1) i3 i2 The thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle with regener- ation (eq 2) is C-Rreg i3 i4 (2) i3 i2R The enthalpy values concerned points in Figure 2. These values were fixed on the basis of experimental data (tem- peratures and pressure) and thermodynamic tables (data provided by the producer of R245fa). The maximum ther- modynamic efficiency calculated for the Carnot cycle with the same maximum and minimum temperatures in the cycle can be obtained from eq 3. Carnot 1 Tmin (3) Tmax Introducing the internal heat exchanger allowed little improvement of the thermodynamic efficiency of the ORC system (maximally 1%). Figure 3 shows the ther- modynamic efficiency of the ORC with and without an internal heat exchanger for variable temperature differ- ence between the evaporator and condenser. In the cycle, the maximum temperature was approximately 90 °C and the minimum temperature was approximately 25 °C. The maximum thermodynamic efficiency (calculated for the Carnot cycle) for these temperatures is only approxi- mately 18%. The maximum thermodynamic efficiency acquired with the maximum temperature difference be- tween condensation and vaporization was approximately 9% (considering the heat regeneration). The heat power of the regenerator in relation to the heat power of the condenser was approximately 11%. Figure 4 compares the ideal and real expansion and its influence on the thermodynamic efficiency. Improv- ing the expansion process increases the thermodynamic efficiency by approximately 2%.PDF Image | Solar-Powered Organic Rankine Cycle Engine Performance
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