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Ing. Patrick Schwarzbauer Solar thermal organic Rankine cycle (ORC) to volume v. They are used to estimate the net work performed by a thermodynamic cycle. The area enclosed by the p-v curve represents the net work of the thermodynamic system [2]. Figure 4. Schematic drawing of a typical Clausius-Rankine cycle [3, page 26]. In case of a Clausius-Rankine cycle, water is used as a working fluid. Water as a technical fluid offers several benefits, it`s cheap in comparison to refrigerants, high specific heat capacity cp (cp=4,18 J/(kg.K)) [3] and very resourceful. Besides all the benefits, using water as a fluid in thermodynamic cycles, also leads to some design limitations. The limitations are mostly due to the thermophysical properties of the fluid. The thermodynamic cycle basically consists of several sections which are combined to one cycle [3]: • 1-2: isentropic compression, s=const. (one or more pumps) • 2-3: isobaric heat supply to evaporation temperature, p=const. • 3-4: isobaric evaporation, p=const. • 4-5: isobaric overheating of the saturated steam to maximum cycle temperature, p=const. • 5-6: isentropic expansion through steam turbine, s=const. • 6-1: isobaric condensation to start conditions, p=const. Figure 6. h-s diagram of a Clausius-Rankine cycle [3]. The efficiency of a Clausius-Rankine cycle can be calculated by using Equation 1. 𝜂"# = (∆𝑤( + ∆𝑤*) ∆𝑞- (1) The specific compression work of the pump ∆wP is relatively small in comparison to the expansion work of the steam turbine ∆wT. Therefore, in many cases it is usual toneglect∆wP.Theheatsupply∆qe takesplacefrompoint 2 to 5, see Figure 4 and Figure 5. The equation can also be expressed by terms of enthalpy. Effective efficiencies of a real Clausius-Rankine include friction losses and pressure drops through heat exchangers are approximately 47%, see Figure 7 [3]. By increasing the evaporation pressure and temperature (3-5, see Figure 4) and decreasing the condensation pressure and temperature (6-1, see Figure 4) it is possible to increase the efficiency of a Clausius- Rankine cycle. However, there are some design limitations due to thermal stress of the material, which are not discussed in this thesis. 2.1.2 Organic-Rankine cycle In general, an Organic-Rankine cycle (ORC) follows the same thermodynamic steps as a usual Clausius-Rankine cycle. The main difference between these two thermodynamic cycles is simply the temperature level where the working fluid evaporates and the working fluid itself. As mentioned in the previous chapter, see Figure 4, the evaporation temperature of a steam Rankine cycle is very high (3-5), up to 500°C and more, while the evaporation temperature of an ORC is very low (90- 300°C) [4]. The components used in an ORC system are somewhat simpler than the components used in a steam Clausius-Rankine cycle. The three-phase evaporation can take place in one heat exchanger (HEX) instead of three, see Figure 4 [4]. The thermal stress of the material is much lower than in a steam Rankine-cycle. As a matter of fact, realizing an ORC system is cheaper than a steam Rankine system, however, the efficiency of an ORC is lower than in steam Rankine-cycles. The efficiency of an ORC system is typically 16%, which is very low in comparison to a steam Rankine cycle [4, Page 184]. Usually, ORC systems are used for industrial interests to recover the heat by using a renewable source of energy [3]. This paper should Figure 5. T-s diagram of a Clausius-Rankine cycle [3]. -3-PDF Image | Solar thermal organic Rankine cycle (ORC)
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