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Ing. Patrick Schwarzbauer Solar thermal organic Rankine cycle (ORC) Table 2. ASHRAE Safety Classifications of Common Refrigerants [8] efficiency of the evacuated tube collector, a flat mirror was placed underneath the tubes. The mirror reflects the incoming solar radiation back to the tubes to increase the efficiency of the solar collector, which leads to a higher overall temperature of the fluid and increases the temperature difference, see Figure 14. The flat plate solar collector is shown in Figure 13. 4 COMPONENTS OF AN SOLAR ORC SYSTEM In order to realize a thermodynamic cycle, several components are necessary. Main components like the turbine, flat plate collector, evacuated tube collector, solar circulation pump, ball valves of the solar cycle and flow meters, which are mounted in the solar cycle, are already incorporated. Also, an electrical control panel which is able to collect data like temperatures, pressures, flow rates, solar radiation and the rpm of the turbine is already available. For better understanding which components are necessary for a solar Organic-Rankine cycle see Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3. A big issue of previous design teams was that the piping and the connection of each component wasn ́t designed and installed properly. As a result, many leaks were detected. In order to solve this problem, stainless steel pipes and Swageloks are used to prevent leakages. Swageloks are a metal to metal connection. Those fittings are able to handle high temperatures as well as high pressures and prevent leakages due to the metal to metal sealing. 4.1 Solar cycle The incoming solar radiation (1000 W/m2) of the sun heats up a heat transfer fluid (100-200°C). The fluid than passes a heat exchanger, where the earned heat can be transferred to the ORC. This heat exchanger is called evaporator or vaporizer. The heat transfer fluid will be pumped back to the solar panels and the process starts again. 4.1.1 Solar collectors Previous design teams built a flat plate and an evacuated tube collector, both collectors are connected in series to increase the outlet temperature of the heat transfer fluid, see Figure 1. Usually, the heat transfer fluid is water or a water/glycol mixture to prevent freezing. In this case the heat transfer fluid is just water. The design temperature difference of the inlet and outlet temperature of the collectors is 50 K. In order to reach this goal, both solar collectors should be orientated south. The angle of the both collectors is typically 30° to 45°. To reach a higher Figure 13. Flat plate solar collector. Figure 14. Evacuated tube solar collector. Both solar collectors are mounted on the green roof of the Shiley School of Engineering (University of Portland). 4.1.2 Solar circulation pump The solar circulation pump circulates the heat transfer fluid through the solar cycle. It is designed to reach the flow rate as well as to overcome the pressure losses of the system. The pump curve is shown in Appendix A. The pump is a standard circulation pump from Grundfos Type: UPS 26-96 F), see Figure 15. Especially for systems using renewable sources of energy, like the solar ORC, it is necessary to install high efficiency pumps in order to reach a high overall efficiency. The best way to select a pump which fits all criteria is to contact the supplier directly. Usually they have online software to select pumps. The operating point should be in the last third of the pump curve in order to reach a high efficiency. -7-PDF Image | Solar thermal organic Rankine cycle (ORC)
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