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Ing. Patrick Schwarzbauer Solar thermal organic Rankine cycle (ORC) condensed in a heat exchanger (e.g. air-cooled condenser, plate heat exchanger, tube heat exchanger). The liquid working fluid of the ORC will be pumped back to the vaporizer and the cycle continues. 4.2.1 Turbine As mentioned, the turbine is an inverted scroll compressor from Bitzer (Type: ECH209Y-02G), see Figure 19. The superheated gas (R134a) drives the turbine to generate electricity. The turbine was donated from Bitzer for research studies. Previous students than turned the compressor into a turbine. Due to the fact that the turbine was already available, several design decisions have to be considered in order to design the ORC. The flow rate of the ORC was limited by the minimum capable flow rate of the turbine. Therefore, the minimum flow rate of the turbine was set to 3 m3/h. On the other hand, that means it is possible that the available area of the collectors is too small. As a result, the collector area has to be increased. Usually, copper brazed plate heat exchangers or stainless-steel plate heat exchangers are used for refrigerant applications. For bigger systems, it is common to use two or more heat exchangers as an evaporator or condenser. The reason is to separate each phase in the heat exchangers to keep the whole system more compact and economical friendly. Also, it is easier to design each heat exchanger separately and to make sure that the refrigerant at the end of the evaporator is superheated. Also, the condenser can be split up in order to make sure the leaving refrigerant is liquid to protect the refrigerant pump from cavitation. 4.2.3 Refrigerant pump The task of the refrigerant pump is to increase the pressure of the circulating fluid. It is also important to consider all pressure losses experienced in the system. The material of the pump as well as the sealing inside the pump must be compatible with the refrigerant. Standard sealing used in water pumps cannot be used for refrigerants. For large scale ORC systems, centrifugal pumps are used. A small- scale ORC system operates with a much lower flow rate than bigger systems, while the pressure increase is for both systems is the same. In order to meet all requirements, reciprocating positive replacement pumps can be used. Those pumps don’t supply continues flow, therefore it is necessary to install a small storage reservoir right after the pump. Plunger pumps can be used for small scale ORC systems, see Figure 21. Figure 19. Turbine Bitzer. 4.2.2 Heat exchangers To operate an ORC, it is necessary to evaporate and condensate the refrigerant for continuing the thermodynamic cycle. To avoid erosion inside the turbine the refrigerant should leave the evaporator in a superheated condition and vice versa it is necessary to make sure the refrigerant leaves the condenser as a liquid. Many different heat exchangers are available. In order to keep the system as compact as possible, plate heat exchangers or microscale heat exchangers can be used, see Figure 20. Figure 21. Plunger pump [10]. Figure 20. Compact plate heat exchanger [9]. Heat exchangers in general are used for transferring heat from a hot fluid to a cold fluid. They can be designed as parallel flow and counterflow as well as cross-flow and are classified to flow arrangement and type of construction [11], see Figure 23 and Figure 24. There are several heat exchanger types available [11]: • Plate heat exchanger, see Figure 20 • Shell-and tube heat exchanger, see Figure 22 • Plate and shell heat exchanger • Plate fin heat exchanger • Microscale heat exchanger 5 5.1 HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN Types of heat exchangers -9-PDF Image | Solar thermal organic Rankine cycle (ORC)
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