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Ing. Patrick Schwarzbauer Solar thermal organic Rankine cycle (ORC) The most common used heat exchangers for such applications are plate heat exchangers and shell-and-tube heat exchangers. In order to keep the heat exchanger as compact as possible counterflow heat exchangers can be used. In case of an evaporator operating in an ORC system it is important that the heat exchanger is able to change the phase of the refrigerant. The evaporator consists of three phases: • preheating the refrigerant (state: 5-6) • boiling the refrigerant (state: 6-7) • superheating the gas (state: 7-1) For better understanding of the phases see Figure 8 and Figure 9. One of the most common used heat exchanger is the shell-and-tube heat exchanger, see Figure 22. Those heat exchangers are easy to clean and they are also used in high pressure applications. Figure 22. Shell-and-tube heat exchanger [12]. Figure 23. Temperature distributions for a parallel-flow heat exchanger [11]. The condenser instead consists of two phases. Like the evaporator the condenser should be able to cool the incoming superheated gas to condensing temperature as well as fully condensing the refrigerant. The steam quality of the exiting vapor should be x =0. Sometimes it is common to subcool the exiting liquid to prevent the pump from cavitation. If a liquid refrigerant cooler is used, see Figure 3, it is not necessary to subcool the refrigerant. Figure 24. Temperature distributions for a counterflow heat exchanger [11]. 5.1.1 Microscale heat exchangers Microscale heat exchangers are basically like plate heat exchangers, see Figure 25. The main difference is the size of the hydraulic diameter. New technologies for microscale heat exchangers have hydraulic diameters in the range Dh ≤ 100 μm [11]. The main interest in the research of microscale heat exchangers are high heat transfer coefficients. The heat transfer coefficient is dramatic increasing if the hydraulic diameter decreases [11]. Flow rates of such heat exchangers are typically very low in comparison to other types. In case of an ORC system they do not suffice the design requirements. Another concern is the fact that the microscale heat exchanger should be able change the phase of the refrigerant. The specific volume will increase during evaporation. The size of the channels is too small to allow the fluid to expand. Another reason why this specific type of heat exchanger is not capable for an Organic-Rankine cycle is, that the heat capacity of the evaporator is approximately 14 kW in order to generate 1 kW electrical power. Figure 25. Counterflow microscale heat exchangers [12]. -10-PDF Image | Solar thermal organic Rankine cycle (ORC)
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