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Ing. Patrick Schwarzbauer Solar thermal organic Rankine cycle (ORC) NuD_rf_3=[(f/8)*(ReD_rf_3- 1000)*Prm_rf_3)/(1+12.7*(f/8).^(0.5)* (Prm_rf_3.^(2/3)-1)] (9) With the new Nusselt number a new area A3_new, gap width a3_new and a new overall heat coefficient U3_new can be calculated. The last step is to sum up all the areas, numbers of gates as well as the gap widths. The calculation of the heat exchanger leads to following solution: • Total heat capacity of the evaporator Q_ev = 13891 W • Total area A_total = 1,8427 m2 • Exterior dimensions (quadratic) L = 0,2 m • Total width B_total = 0,6177 m To reduce the width, the number of gaps can be increased, see Figure 28. The exterior dimensions of the heat exchanger seem very big in comparison to the heat capacity Q_ev. The reason of this phenomenon is the boiling phase of the heat exchanger. The assumption of the convection coefficient is very low, see Table 3 to compare. There can also be errors in Nusselt numbers and fluid properties like density, viscosities or thermal conductivity. The results of the calculation are shown in Table 8 and Table 9 for English units. 6 IMPROVEMENTS AND RESULTS Typical solar systems are usually pressurized systems to prevent freezing of the fluid, corrosion, evaporation of the water, and to guarantee a safe operation of the system. Currently the system is open to the ambient, therefore people have to check the water level in the tank to make sure the solar circulation pump is supplied with enough water. Another decrease in efficiency of the system is the fact that air can be inside the collectors. Trapped air in a heat exchanging device acts like insulation, which leads to a lower heat capacity as well as a lower outlet temperature of the solar collectors. Now the system is not able to operate automatically. If an automatically controlled system is desired it is highly recommended to design a pressurized solar cycle, see Figure 29 for an example of a schematic drawing for pressurized systems. Figure 28. Dimensions of the plate heat exchanger. Table 8. Evaporator conditions (SI units). Table 9. Evaporator conditions (English units). Figure 29. Pressurized solar Organic-Rankine cycle. To guarantee a safe operation of the solar system it is necessary to install a safety valve as well as an expansion vessel. The expansion vessel can compensate in case of volume expansion. It also determines the pressure in the solar cycle. Another task of the expansion vessel is if no electricity is needed and the solar radiation is still high, the liquid can evaporate in the collectors. The solar cycle is then in a so-called stagnation phase. In order to make sure that the system can operate when needed, the expansion vessel is able to cool and liquefy the steam. Usually, the amount of water after condensing will be same in the system. In case of leakages, an automatic refilling system can be installed. The use of solenoid valve and a pressure transmitter will provide the right amount of water if needed. Typical, two ball valves and a strainer before the -14-PDF Image | Solar thermal organic Rankine cycle (ORC)
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