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2. STUDY SCOPE AND GOALS Recent advances in oil and gas drilling and production techniques have resulted in dramatic increases in the number of oil and gas wells drilled in the United States. For example, the number of hydraulically fractured wells increased from approximately 36,000 in 2010 to over 300,000 in 2015 (U.S. DOE, 2016). Production from shale gas and tight oil resource areas is projected to grow through 2050 because of the large size of the associated resources, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s Annual Energy Outlook 2018 (U.S. DOE, 2018). The rise in the number of oil and gas wells has also led to the generation of large volumes of produced water. As an example, in 2017, oil and natural gas production in New Mexico produced 37.8 billion gallons of produced water. As explained in the Executive Summary, currently most of this wastewater is managed by disposing of it in a practice known as deep underground injection, where that wastewater can generally no longer be accessed or reused. Representatives of some states and stakeholders are asking whether it makes sense to continue to treat produced water as a waste or rather look at the produced water as a potential resource. This may be particularly important as forty out of fifty State water managers expect freshwater shortages to occur in their states in the next ten years6. In spring of 2018, the EPA embarked on this study to better understand produced water generation, management, and disposal options at the regional, state and local levels for both conventional and unconventional onshore oil and gas extraction. The EPA’s study goal was to evaluate approaches to manage oil and gas extraction wastewaters generated at onshore facilities, including but not limited to an assessment of technologies for facilities that treat and discharge oil and gas extraction wastewaters to surface waters. A second goal was to understand any potential need for, and any concerns over, additional discharge options for onshore oil and gas wastewater. To do so, as described in Section 4, the EPA engaged with representatives of state agencies that are responsible for oil and gas permitting and waste management, tribes, industry, academia, environmental groups, and other stakeholders to solicit information from their individual perspectives on topics surrounding produced water management. This report details the information obtained during the EPA’s outreach to stakeholders on these topics. The information in this report will help the EPA determine whether any future actions are appropriate to further address oil and gas extraction wastewater. Section 2−Study Scope and Goals 6 Government Accountability Office (GAO) 2014. Freshwater: Supply Concerns Continue and Uncertainties Complicate Planning. GAO-14-430. Study of Oil and Gas Extraction Wastewater Management 4PDF Image | Study of Oil and Gas Extraction Wastewater
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