PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 008
Section 1−Executive Summary Those who expressed concern raised issues about the unknown chemistry of produced waters and the impacts to surface waters which have important cultural uses. Nationally, there is broad support amongst the oil and natural gas industry and its service providers for additional wastewater management options including to treat and discharge produced waters more broadly. However, support is not universal as some oil and natural gas companies are satisfied with the current regulatory structure and others perceive potential liability concerns associated with alternatives such as discharge. While discharge west of the 98th meridian is currently an option for oil and natural gas producers, use of the beneficial reuse provision under Subpart E outside of the State of Wyoming is rare. Based on information provided in this study, this is primarily due to the availability of other wastewater management options that are lower cost, such as reuse within the oil and gas field or disposal in Class II UIC wells, as well as the cost associated with treating produced waters to a level suitable for discharge. Industry indicated that unless the produced water has total dissolved solids concentrations generally of less than a few thousand milligrams per liter, treatment using membranes (e.g., reverse osmosis) or distillation would be necessary to generate water that is suitable for agricultural uses or for discharge to surface waters. The cost of such treatment is not currently competitive where other wastewater management options are available. However, treatment for discharge may be cost-competitive where other options are limited. For example, producers indicated that in some areas of Pennsylvania treatment for discharge would currently be cost- competitive with other available wastewater management options. This is primarily driven by the cost for trucking to other options. Some environmental NGOs expressed opposition and raised concerns about expanding options for discharge of produced waters. They also expressed concern about current available options for discharge. Concerns raised relate to the unknown nature of produced water chemistry, documented problems from discharges that are currently occurring or that have occurred in the past, the current limited treatment for some current discharges of produced water and the toxicity of produced water and its constituents. Other NGOs (and associations of state regulators) see potential benefits related to water availability associated with increased opportunities for discharge of treated produced waters. In addition, some are supportive of additional discharge options, seeing opportunities to generate revenue from the treated produced water and to facilitate growth in oil and gas extraction. Those in academia that the EPA engaged identified concerns related to the unknown chemistry of produced waters and the limited amount of data regarding treatability of produced waters. These concerns include the risk to human health or environmental implications of discharge. Some in academia stressed the need for additional research into these topics, noting that some studies are currently underway. Some also saw the potential for reducing the cost and improving the performance of treatment technologies that could make treatment for discharge more cost-competitive with other management options. Study of Oil and Gas Extraction Wastewater Management 3PDF Image | Study of Oil and Gas Extraction Wastewater
PDF Search Title:
Study of Oil and Gas Extraction WastewaterOriginal File Name Searched:
oil-and-gas-study_draft_05-2019.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)