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Section 3−Background Figure 3-1. Concentration of Select Constituents in Oil and Gas Produced Water (USGS National Produced Waters Geochemical Database, V2.2) Note: For each constituent, the total number of samples are shown in parentheses and the number of samples with values greater than the detection limit are shown in brackets (for example, there were 18,387 samples for barium, 11,369 of which were greater than the detection limit). 3.2 Management of Produced Waters Figure 3-2 depicts produced water management options. The predominant management option for produced waters is disposal in Class II UIC wells (identified as injection in Figure 3-2). These wells are regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). Disposal wells are prevalent in most oil and gas producing areas of the country. Some produced waters are also used for practices such as enhanced oil recovery9 or to recharge aquifers, which is generally also subject to UIC regulation under the SDWA. Some produced waters are managed on-site or within the oil and gas field using evaporation ponds or seepage pits. Recycling of produced waters for exploration and production operations within the oil and gas field is another primary means of produced water management. Some treatment may be required to render the water suitable for reuse in drilling or hydraulic fracturing. Another management strategy is the use of produced water for dust suppression and deicing, though some states are looking more 9 Enhanced oil recovery is generally subject to Class II UIC regulation (40 CFR 144.6(b)(2). However, the injection of fluids for hydraulic fracturing is exempt from regulation under the SDWA, except where diesel fuels are used. SDWA section 1421(d)(1)(B)(ii). Study of Oil and Gas Extraction Wastewater Management 7PDF Image | Study of Oil and Gas Extraction Wastewater
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