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Section 3−Background closely at this practice and restricting or removing this as an option. These management approaches are not subject to CWA NPDES permitting requirements if they do not involve discharge to surface waters.10 Figure 3-2. Produced Water Management Options Currently in limited instances produced waters are used for irrigation of crops. This practice currently occurs primarily in California, although limited use has occurred in other states. In California, produced waters are used for irrigation of a variety of crops, including those for human consumption. Use in agriculture that does not involve discharge to surface waters does not require a CWA NPDES permit. Discharge of produced waters to surface waters is currently allowed under Subpart E of 40 CFR 435, and this is occurring primarily in Wyoming. Also, discharges from stripper wells and coalbed methane extraction under Subpart F and Subpart H of 40 CFR part 435, respectively, are allowed, with requirements for these discharges developed on a case by case basis by the permitting authority11. Subpart E, F and H discharges to surface waters require NPDES permits (see additional information below). In addition, producers can transfer produced water from some types of wells to POTWs for management and subsequent discharge. However, this practice may be affected by the EPA’s recently 10 The U.S. EPA authorities discussed in this paper are not the only statutory and regulatory authorities that may be implicated when produced water is re-used, recycled, renewed or discharged. For example, the disposal of RCRA non-hazardous waste is generally subject to EPA RCRA standards in 40 CFR 257 or 258. In addition to federal regulations many state laws and regulations may apply. 11 Discharges of wastewater from coalbed methane and stripper wells are not within the scope of this study. Study of Oil and Gas Extraction Wastewater Management 8PDF Image | Study of Oil and Gas Extraction Wastewater
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