PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 032
treatment technologies are adequately removing constituents in produced water, given these data gaps. Given the data uncertainty NGO representatives expressed concern that increased opportunities for discharge would result in human health and ecological impacts. Some NGO representatives saw potential benefit from produced water discharges due to water scarcity concerns. Discharges of treated produced water could be used for agriculture, water supply and other uses. They indicated that they would want such discharges to be protective of the receiving water quality and downstream uses, however. In addition, selling treated produced water could generate additional revenue in some cases. Also, some NGOs indicated that providing additional options for industry can help to promote continued oil and gas development, which has an economic benefit for communities, states and landowners. 4.5 Major Themes from Members of Academia Those in the academic community that were engaged highlighted knowledge gaps regarding produced water that complicates assessment of the need for and the implications of discharge of treated produced water from many production areas. For example, they indicated that there is little available data regarding the chemical composition of produced water. Produced water characteristics vary considerably between formations and are influenced not only by the production method but also by the chemical formulations used in hydraulic fracturing, well maintenance and well stimulation. In addition, possible Study of Oil and Gas Extraction Wastewater Management 27 Section 4−The EPA’s Outreach to Stakeholders Some NGO representatives were also concerned that states lack sufficient water quality criteria for many of the constituents present in produced water. As a result, they were concerned that NPDES permits may not be protective of water quality. They also noted that there is little data about the synergistic effects that may occur due to the presence of multiple constituents in produced water discharges. There was also concern that since much E&P activities occur in arid and semi-arid areas, discharges will occur primarily to intermittent and ephemeral streams. According to these NGO representatives, discharging water to such streams may alter the hydraulic and hydrologic regime of the stream, causing concerns such as erosion. They stated that such discharges may also alter the vegetation or biota present in and adjacent to the stream. Further, they stated that discharges to such streams provides little or no safety factor due to dilution by the receiving water, increasing the risk of adverse effects from discharges and that any upsets to treatment systems or spills could have adverse effects. Some NGO representatives were opposed to the EPA revising ELGs to allow for broader discharge of produced water, stating that it is not the EPA’s responsibility to solve industry’s water management problem. They identified the increasing volume of water used for well completions as a primary driver for constraints on management of produced water and suggested that industry moderate the pace of drilling activities. They were concerned that changes to ELGs to allow for broader discharge would be a weakening of existing regulations. They also stated that a zero discharge of pollutants standard remains available to the industry, that this is the goal of the CWA, and therefore the EPA should not revise this standard.PDF Image | Study of Oil and Gas Extraction Wastewater
PDF Search Title:
Study of Oil and Gas Extraction WastewaterOriginal File Name Searched:
oil-and-gas-study_draft_05-2019.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)