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transformations inside the well of constituents can complicate characterization of produced water. It was also indicated that analytical methods for monitoring of constituents in produced water are lacking. Those academics engaged noted that while there are existing technologies available for treating produced waters for discharge, the cost is still high compared to other management options. Research is ongoing into lower cost treatment technologies, such as advanced membranes. In addition, they indicated that use of waste heat for thermal distillation could significantly reduce treatment costs. One source of waste heat that was identified are natural gas compressor stations. In addition, natural gas that is currently flared could instead be used to drive thermal distillation systems or converted into electricity for powering membrane treatment systems. Academia identified several issues with treatment for discharge, including increased air emissions from treatment systems and residuals management. With respect to residuals, managing the large quantities of salts that would be produced from widespread adoption of distillation/crystallization as well as TENORM containing sludges were identified as particular challenges. 4.6 Major Themes from Other Entities In addition to people from states, tribes, the oil and gas extraction industry, NGOs and academia, the EPA met with other stakeholders such as POTWs, technology vendors and service providers. These stakeholders provided additional input to the EPA from their individual perspectives. Study of Oil and Gas Extraction Wastewater Management 28 Section 4−The EPA’s Outreach to Stakeholders Some in academia indicated that, due to the lack of data, it is difficult to determine what treatment technologies are needed to treat produced water to a level that is suitable for discharge. It is also difficult to assess the toxicity of produced water, and the possible environmental implications of discharge, due to data gaps. Academia is currently researching additional approaches for assessing the toxicity of produced water, such as bioassays. In addition, they indicated that some research done to date shows potential environmental implications, such as radium accumulating in sediments downstream of discharge sources and accumulating in aquatic organisms and possible toxic effects from some constituents in produced waters. In addition to data gaps for produced water composition, toxicity, and treatability, there are gaps in information on produced water generation and disposition. According to academia, there are few requirements for tracking of where produced water is generated and in what quantities, and where it is transported for subsequent management. There is little data available on how much produced water is managed in injection disposal wells, and what the pressures are in those wells. Given the lack of data, academia indicated that it is difficult to determine where injection pressures may be increasing and where problems such as induced seismicity may occur. In addition, academia noted that there is little data on the fate of produced water injected into some formations due to complex geology and the lack of monitoring data. Academia further noted that in cases where data does exist, it’s availability may be delayed such that timely assessment of implications and adjustments (such as reducing injection volumes) may be difficult.PDF Image | Study of Oil and Gas Extraction Wastewater
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