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Energies 2020, 13, 2447 4 of 18 the internal efficiency of the cycle. At this stage the temperature of the returning CO2 is also decreasing, so that less heat will have to be taken away in the cooler. • Stage 3 to 4 is a process of main heat exchange. Preheated and highly pressurized CO2 is directed to heat exchanger, where energy is obtained from waste heat. It is important that working medium undergoes heating in one phase—differently than in ORC where working medium undergoes three stages: heating, evaporation, and overheating. Thanks to that, during the heating process there is no so-called “pinching” in the heat exchanger and thus heat exchange performance in S-CO2 cycle is better than ORC. • Stage 4 to 5 can be described with the decompression process. A CO2 at high pressure and high temperature is directed to the turbine, where the pressure and temperature values drop, and part of the generated mechanical energy can be used for instance to drive electric generator. The heat loss is negligible, and the process can be treated as adiabatic. • Stage 6 to 1 is a process during which the working medium gives off the heat to the cooling medium in the cooler. Carbon dioxide was used as a working medium a relatively long time ago (the end of the 19th century). Since the application of systems for supercritical CO2 was re-proposed at the beginning of the 21st century, intensified research and development works on these systems have begun. The compressor’s efficiency was the key issue for the work being carried out, because it works closest to the critical point, where the properties of the fluid differ most significantly between all other points of the cycle. Currently, modules for generating electricity using the supercritical CO2 cycle are commercially available. An example can be the product developed by Echogen company and called Thermafficient. The aim of the article is to present S-CO2 as an alternative to ORC in the utilization of waste heat at a gas compressor station. ORC has a number of advantages, but also disadvantages, which include: - high investment costs, - large size due to the low temperature level at the heat flow, - large streams of working medium in circulation, - high price of the working medium, - properties of the working medium (often dangerous), - low efficiency of the cycle. S-CO2 technology is a solution for some of the above-mentioned disadvantages. One of the key advantages of S-CO2 technology is the compactness of the solution due to the high density of the working medium. Compactness is particularly visible when the size of this system is compared to technology based on steam Rankine cycle. For example, Ahn et al. [10] write that the S-CO2 turbomachinery becomes 10 times smaller than that of the steam Rankine cycle. Furthermore, the overall system size can be reduced up to four times when compared to the steam Rankine cycle. Another advantage mentioned earlier is that the cycle can operate in single-phase without passing through the saturation dome because the critical point of CO2 is below the heat sink condition. Apart the lack of appearance of so-called “pinching” in the heat exchanger, this feature also results in the no need for devices adapted to operate in two phases, which reduces the total costs of the system [13]. One more advantage is the relatively high thermal cycle efficiency at turbine inlet temperatures, which are moderate. This is mainly due to the smaller work needed to compress the medium thanks to the incompressible nature of the working fluid near the critical point. Thus, the use of a S-CO2 allows to increase the efficiency of the circulation and is characterized by a low ratio of the working fluid volume to the obtained mechanical power. It is also important that CO2 is a non-toxic, easily available, and relatively cheap working medium. 3. Thermodynamic Model of S-CO2 As mentioned in the introduction, this publication focuses on checking the applicability of the S-CO2 system at the Jarosław II gas compressor station. The most important issue for this type ofPDF Image | Supercritical CO2-Brayton Cycle Nat Gas Compression Station
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