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World Scientific News 48 (2016) 133-148 T1 and T2 - temperature of conductors. 2. 2. THOMSON PHENOMENON Thomson phenomenon consists on separation or absorption of heat at the flow of electrical current through the uniform conductor over its entire length if there is a difference of temperatures between its ends. The phenomenon describes the relation: Q = τ · I · ΔT (2) where: τ - Thomson coefficient. It occurs when the electrons pass through the one irregularly heated conductive material. The effect shows that the electrons can move even in one and the same material (with a temperature gradient). Thomson effect also works in reverse way, when conducting a current through the material causes the formation of a temperature gradient. When the current flow follows in opposite direction to the temperature gradient, the absorption of heat occurs, while in the same direction its secreting. 2. 3. PELTIER EFFECT The Peltier phenomenon is one of the thermoelectric phenomena occur in solids, consisting of secretion or energy absorption by a flow of electric current through the connector. As a result of energy absorption on a one connector and secretion of energy on the other, the temperature difference between the connectors develops. This phenomenon is opposite to the Seebeck effect, but does not depend on the size and shape of the connector. The Peltier effect takes place on the border of two different conductors or semiconductors (NIP) joined by two connectors (Peltier connector). When the current flow one of the connectors is heated and the other cooled. The joint in which electrons pass the conductor of a lower Fermi level to the conductor with a higher level becomes cool. After changing the direction of current flow on the opposite a phenomenon beforehand is reversed (because of the symmetry of the joints). The amount of heat generated Q is proportional to the value of the current of a magnitude and passing through the system and to the values of the Peltier connector Π depending on temperature. It describes the relationship: ΠAB=ΠA +ΠB (3) Q = ΠAB · I (4) Absorption or heat generation depends on the direction of current flow through the connector and the Peltier coefficient of materials A and B. The Peltier effect is the consequence of the change of carriers entropy of electric charges flowing through the connector. 2. 4. JOULE EFFECT The Joule effect allows to determine the amount of heat that is released during the flow of electric current through the electrical conductor. This relationship may be expressed -135-PDF Image | The energy harvesting from waste heat
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