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by the formula: World Scientific News 48 (2016) 133-148 Q = R · I2 · t (5) where: Q- the amount of heat generated, I - the amperage, R - electrical resistance of the conductor, t - time current flow. Dependence expresses the principle of conservation of energy for current flow and means that the energy of current changes on the internal energy of the system. This phenomenon is irreversible, that is, conversion of electric energy into heat takes place in just one direction. Using the above phenomena allows for direct conversion of thermal energy into electrical energy and vice versa, ie. on the "pumping" the heat using electricity. In the following section the solutions of conversion the waste heat into electricity were discussed. The oldest solution of transformation the waste heat into electricity is a Peltier element. Currently we are looking for alternative solutions which constitute the liquid, organic cells and polymers. 2. 5. PELTIER CELL Thermoelectric generator (Peltier element) is a device in which thermoelectric effects (thermoelectric power generation) are used for the direct conversion of heat into electricity. Unlike the traditional dynamic thermal engine, thermoelectric generators contain no moving parts and they are completely muted. The main part of the generator is a thermoelement (or thermocouple) formed of a pair of distinct conductors (in the initially constructed generators) or a semiconductor n-p (in the currently constructed generators) with a conductivity of electron n and hole p, where the temperature of the hot and cold junction are different (Pasek 2006, Langman et al. 2007). These generators are used reliably for over 30 years to power satellites and space probes like Voyager. They have been used in medicine, eg. in heart pacemakers. Also they play an important role in the military to power radio stations, radio sets, buoys, lighthouses. They are a lower yield in comparison to large, conventional heat engines. However, for smaller applications they can become competitive because they are compact, simple, inexpensive and scalable. Thermoelectric systems can be designed to exploitation low heat source with a small temperature difference. Small generators can be mass-produced for heat recovery from the automotive industry or home in the cogeneration of heat and electricity. The invention utilizing thermoelectrics are the wristwatches which are powered by the warmth of the human body (Snyder 2008, Królicka et al. 2012). With other applications can mention the bracelet supplying the mobile phones, mp3 players or thermoelectric clothing (Królicka et al. 2012). -136-PDF Image | The energy harvesting from waste heat
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