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2.0 Smart Grid – What it Is, What it Does, and Who it Benefits A basic perspective of this analysis is that, over the next 20 years, smart grid technology will become pervasive in the United States because of the cost efficiencies it provides for the electric power system, and that it could be leveraged to provided additional benefits of reduced energy consumption and carbon emissions. Therefore, it is important to understand the kinds of assets involved in a smart grid and how they are functionally engaged to provide cost efficiencies. This sets the context for why a smart grid is likely to be deployed and what assets it is likely to contain that can be leveraged for these additional environmental benefits. The discussion in this section attempts to outline this perspective. Electricity has historically been generated at central station power plants and distributed to customers, as shown in Figure 2.1. In 2007, an estimated 995 GW of generating capacity delivered 4.2 GWh to 142 million customers (DOE/EIA 2009) over approximately 158,000 miles of transmission line >230 kV (DOE 2002). Estimates of distribution lines are in the range of 1 million miles. The voltage is stepped- up from large central generating stations for transmission through 10,287 transmission stations, stepped- down for utility distribution in 2,178 distribution substations (DOE/OE 2006), may be further stepped- down at points along the utility distribution lines (feeders), and again at pad- and pole-mounted transformers to provide low-voltage service to one or a several customers. Figure 2.1. Today’s Electricity Delivery System (Source: DOE/FEMP [2009], Electricity 101 at http://www.oe.energy.gov/information_center/electricity101.htm) The delivery of electricity typically utilizes a supervisory control and data acquisition system (SCADA) that provides monitoring and control from generation through the step-down substation to detect the need for an increase/reduction in generating resources, and to respond to system instabilities. Key limitations of SCADA systems are the following: • limited bandwidths and relatively slow data transmission rates that often require several seconds or more to respond to an alarm or system change • limited or no visibility in the distribution network below the substation. The coming evolution in the delivery of electricity is the smart grid, which is the application of information technology that enables more visibility and control of both the existing grid infrastructure and 2.1PDF Image | The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefits
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