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new grid assets, such as customer demand response and distributed energy resources consisting of small generators and electricity storage devices. The smart grid’s much higher fidelity control is provided through high-speed, two-way communication, sensing, and real-time coordination of all assets down to the customer meter and the end-use devices. Thus the smart grid is not characterized by a single technology or a device, but instead is a vision for a distributed, internet-like system that will: • provide better control of existing grid infrastructure assets • provide additional functionality and benefits from existing assets • integrate new (often small, widely distributed) assets into the existing operational paradigm • engage these new assets to provide entirely new benefits to the grid. The next immediate developments in SCADA technology for utilities are to increase bandwidth and begin to measure and control assets below the substation level, at which time the system will begin to become part of a distributed control system (Boyer 2007)—and a key part of the smart grid. This vision is perhaps best described by a set of essential characteristics, or outcomes (see box). Beyond describing the smart grid as a vision, it is helpful to describe what the smart grid consists of in terms of • the assets that would be purchased • the functions for which they would be used, and from which benefits are derived. This is illustrated in the matrix in Figure 2.2, with a number of key assets on the horizontal axis and broadly defined categories of major functions on the vertical axis. This illustration of the current and emerging vision for the smart grid is not intended to be definitive or comprehensive, but rather will evolve over time. Assets are divided into primary and enabling assets. Primary assets are the smart grid’s “prime movers,” i.e., non-traditional assets that are actively controlled to effect change in the grid’s operating conditions. “The smart grid isn’t a thing but rather a vision... It must be more reliable...more secure...more economic...more efficient...more environmentally friendly...(and) It must be safer. A “smart grid” can be (characterized as) a “transactive” agent...(that) will: • Enable active participation by consumers... • Accommodate all generation and storage options... • Enable new products, services, and markets... • Provide power quality for the digital economy... • Optimize asset utilization and operate efficiently... • Anticipate and respond to system disturbances (self- heal). • Operate resiliently against attack and natural disaster. Achieving the vision is dependent upon participant circumstances and involves: • Empowering consumers by giving them the information and education they need to effectively utilize the new options provided by the smart grid... • Improved reliability and “self-healing” of the distribution system... • Integration of the transmission and distribution systems to enable improved overall grid operations and reduced transmission congestion... • Integration of the grid intelligence acquired to achieving with new and existing asset management applications... Source: Smart Grid News, April 22, 2009. What is the smart grid? 2.2PDF Image | The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefits
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