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manage peak load wholesale operations ancillary services renewables integration enhance reliability energy efficiency Enabling technology areas DR DG DS Primary DA/FA* Smart Comm. PHEVs Meters Networks Systems EVs & Business ... DR = demand response, DG = distributed generation, DAS = disttributed storage, DA/FA = distribution aAutomatiton/feeder automation, EVs & PHEVs = electric vehicles/plug-in hybrid electric vehicles Figure2.2. DefiningtheSmartGridinTermsofAssetsandFunctions Enabling assets are the sensing, software, and information infrastructure required to coordinate the operation of the primary assets to respond to grid conditions. Although more accurately portrayed as a separate third dimension, enabling assets are shown here on the same axis for clarity. Functions are grid operational strategies that use smart grid assets to derive cost, reliability, and efficiency or renewable energy benefits. The intersection of an asset and a function, denoted as a technology area, is the set of policies, engagement strategies, incentive mechanisms, control strategies, software applications, and capabilities of the primary and enabling assets required to accomplish a given function. The specific technology areas in Figure 2.2 illustrate the asset-function intersections and do not attempt to be definitive. 2.1 Primary Assets The primary assets in Figure 2.2, broadly considered key to the smart grid, are: • Demand response (DR) – communications and controls for end-use devices and systems to reduce (or, in special cases, increase) their demand for electricity at certain times. • Distributed generation (DG) – small engine or turbine generator sets, wind turbines, and solar electric systems connected at the distribution level. • Distributed storage (DS) – batteries, flywheels, super-conducting magnetic storage, and other electric and thermal storage technologies connected at the distribution level. • Distribution/feeder automation (DA/FA) – distribution and feeder automation expand SCADA communications in substations and into the feeders with remotely actuated switches for reconfiguring 2.3 FunctionsPDF Image | The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefits
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