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rebate programs, or if such features are required by standards, then smart appliances may similarly become nearly universal elements of a smart grid within the coming 20 years. If the disaggregation process takes place “inside the meter,” then a suitable processor to host the analysis of the signals is required, and the results could be delivered through an AMI communications network without extending its capabilities. This simple analysis can be a background process on a home computer, built into cable television systems, hosted by a home energy display platform, or conducted within the meter itself, for example. If the disaggregation process takes place at the utility, then the meter must integrate and store the additional on/off signals. This type of modest improvement in AMI meter capabilities is already being contemplated in third-generation designs. An alternative is for the AMI communication network to have enough bandwidth to send the data in real time. This may come to pass for other reasons as smart grid assets are used for more sophisticated, real-time purposes, such as providing ancillary services (which will be significantly increased by renewable wind and solar generation, as discussed in Sections 3.2.1 and 3.2.2). The cost of AMI and communication systems are justified by other services performed, which leaves the cost of measurement technology and central analysis functions to be covered. Of these two functions, it is likely in many cases that the cost of the measurement capability will be included in the technology as part of the demand response, and therefore justified on that basis. Thus, it is certainly possible that all the capabilities needed to enable these benefits will be present in a smart grid in the future. It is doubtful, however, that the potential benefits for energy, alone (the bulleted list) above will be sufficient to pay for them. What is important is that these potential “side- benefits” for enhanced capabilities be taken into consideration when designing a smart grid. This would leave the software that conducts the analysis and display functions as the primary cost. As it is for most software products, spreading this cost over large numbers of customers is the key to keeping costs down. 3.1.4 Deployment of Diagnostics in Residential and Small/Medium Commercial Buildings This topic examines the potential reductions in energy consumption and carbon emissions that can be obtained from the provision of energy system diagnostics enabled by a smart grid to optimize energy use and reduce operating costs for energy and maintenance. A smart grid’s real-time sensing and communication assets coupled with end-use information enable automated profiling of systems to detect malfunctions and alert the consumer immediately. In addition to detecting malfunctions, improvements in operation can be identified, such as verifying the operation of night setback of thermostats or identifying abnormal lighting and plug loads. This mechanism is summarized here, with detail on the literature review and conclusions provided in Attachment 1. The technical basis for using smart grid assets to break down total energy use into end-use subtotals is discussed in Section 3.1.3. Here we focus on the use of this information to provide diagnostic services in residential and small/medium commercial buildings (commercial buildings less than 50,000 ft2 in floor area), primarily for HVAC systems where the most significant energy-wasting failures occur. A smart grid’s communications and sensing enable automated profiling of these systems to detect such 3.17PDF Image | The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefits
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