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malfunctions and alert consumers immediately. This is feasible because the HVAC systems in these classes of buildings are reasonably simple, served by unitary, single-zone equipment and thermostats, and they’re uniform in design and operation. A property of the refrigerant cycle in heat pumps and air conditioners is that their output and efficiency tend to drop together, while their input remains relatively constant. Thus, using the slope of the cooling curve (see Figure 3.5) and the run-times established by thermostat on/off status signals, declining efficiency could be detected long before complete failure of the equipment makes it obvious. Heat pumps that are providing inordinate amounts of heat with their auxiliary electric resistance backup are a similarly important target. Another diagnostic check would be on the economizer function of commercial building ventilation systems. The economizer enables the building to supply 100% air from outdoors to obtain “free cooling” when air conditioning is required and the outside air is cool and dry enough. Economizers can save large amounts of energy in commercial buildings—when they work properly. Economizers are notorious for failing because the moveable air dampers tend to get stuck if not properly maintained. When not working properly they do not provide the savings and can even waste additional energy by remaining in the open (100%) position all the time. The “hole” that proper economizer operation leaves in the heating/cooling curve of Figure 3.5 can be a simple basis for diagnosing these problems. A second service that the smart grid can provide is scheduling routine maintenance and extending equipment life. Another service is automated fault detection and diagnostics to remotely identify and diagnose real and potential problems before equipment fails and requires costly repairs. Improved maintenance would also reduce emissions of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants for units not yet using hydro-chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) that minimize such impacts. The diagnostic services can be delivered by a smart grid in two ways. The first is by sending the necessary data to the utility or a third party for analysis at a central location. The other is by downloading the required software applications onto a platform within the customer premise. The former requires an enhanced communications network capability. The latter requires a suitable platform in the home or building energy-management system with the processing power and storage to accomplish the analysis. The large, complex HVAC systems prevalent in larger commercial buildings are custom designed and built-up from chillers, boilers, cooling towers, and multi-zone air-handling units connected by water and air distribution systems. The nature of HVAC system design and operation in large buildings makes them less amendable to the kinds of simple, uniform diagnostics that can be supported by a smart grid. Additionally, large commercial buildings often have a dedicated staff or contractor and onsite equipment to set up and perform diagnostics and operations functions that can help detect problems, which could lead to energy savings (Brambley et al. 2009). Thus, while the potential for diagnostics to save energy in these buildings is as large, or even larger, than in homes and small commercial buildings, we do not ascribe the potential savings for large buildings to a smart grid. Of course, diagnosing a problem does not result in energy savings unless the problem actually gets fixed. Anecdotal evidence suggests that pointing out problems and providing an estimate of the amount of energy being wasted may be insufficient to spur repairs in commercial buildings. Thus, it may be necessary to couple detection of problems with utility programs that affect the needed repairs. Linkage 3.18PDF Image | The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefits
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