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4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Load Duration Curve Carbon Intensity of Marginal Plant Peaking Combustion Turbine Intermediate Combined Cycle Baseload Coal Steam 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 Hours, Load Duration Above Figure3.6. LoadDurationCurveandCarbonDispatchofaTypicalCoal-BasedUtility The smart grid can provide reductions in primary energy and CO2 emissions by shifting peak load to more efficient lower emission base and intermediate generation resources. Load shifting enabled by a smart grid can shift electricity production from less efficient peak load generating resources (less than 30%) to more efficient intermediate resources (~40%) that have lower carbon emissions per unit of energy supplied. In cases where the load is shifted to base-load power plants that are not coal-fired, even greater carbon savings can be realized. Utility programs have shown that shifting load from peak load generating power plants to more efficient off-peak-load power plants provides such reductions: the California “Shift & Save” quantifies the reduced CO2 emissions at between 10% and 20%. The carbon footprint of base-load generation is likely to be reduced in the future as more renewable and clean-coal- fired power plants enter the system to join nuclear and natural-gas-fired power plants to displace current coal-fired power plants. The estimation of energy and carbon benefits achievable by load shifting is challenging because of the highly dynamic nature of the power plant dispatch options that provide literally thousands of options for re-arranging the generation mix, and the corresponding generating efficiency and carbon intensity of the input fuel. To estimate the potential reductions, a simplified analysis was conducted using load duration curves for each of 12 North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) sub-regions. Sufficient load was shifted from high demand hours to provide a 10% reduction in peak load in each sub- region, or in the amount of capacity of natural-gas-fired CTs in each sub-region, whichever is less. On average, this involved shifting load for 168 hours per year. 3.23 Carbon Intensity (lb-CO2 /kWh) Load (MW)PDF Image | The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefits
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