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The literature review detailed in Attachment 1, Mechanism G, suggests that CVR alone has empirically proven itself to be a viable method to reduce the peak load on a distribution feeder as well as being an effective form of conservation. The most comprehensive field study involved 31 feeders at 10 different substations and 11 utilities in the Pacific Northwest; it showed that a 1% change in distribution line voltage provided a 0.25% to 1.3% change in energy consumption, and that voltages could be reduced from 1% to 3.5% (Beck 2007). Accurate determination of the CVR effects on any given feeder must include analysis of the electrical load as well as the design of the distribution system. The design of the distribution feeders includes everything from line and cable types, line and cable configurations, use of voltage correction capacitors, and use of tap-changing voltage regulators for transformers. Thus, extrapolating the CVR results to estimate the national potential is difficult. Using advanced voltage control, we estimate that it is possible to reduce the existing consumption of electricity by approximately 1% with little investment. Such functionality is generally considered basic to a smart grid, so here we are simply trying to quantify its potential. Deploying full advanced voltage- control technologies could potentially increase this from 3% to 4%, which translates directly into substantial savings. The reductions in electricity and associated CO2 emissions calculated in Attachment 2 and shown in Table 3.10 are based on information from the literature review and the author’s experience. It is estimated that a direct reduction of 2% in total electricity supplied to the grid, with a range of 1% to 4%, can be achieved through implementation of smart grid technologies. No indirect reductions in electricity or capacity are expected. Table 3.10. Estimated Direct Utility Energy and Carbon Reductions for Conservation Voltage Reduction and Advanced Voltage Control Est. % 2 3.2 Low High % % 1 4 End-Use Sector(s) Total Electric Supply 9 (10 kWh/year) 4968 (10 9 99 2 Reduced Energy Consumption (2030) Baseline Electricity Consumption Electric Sector Annual Reductions (2030) Energy Carbon Emissions (MMT/ yearr) 59 % of United States 2 % of kWh/ United year) States The Smart Grid and Renewables A smart grid can help integrate renewable resources into the grid by designing price or incentive signals to engage demand response and distributed storage, including that from PHEVs, to manage and absorb the short-term fluctuations (“noise”) in the total load in a service territory, instead of using power plants to manage/absorb these fluctuations. Currently, power plants are continually turned up and down to provide this load following service (termed regulation), which wastes fuel and increases wear and tear on the power plants. The increased penetration of renewable generation resources increases the need for regulation services, as projected for California (CAISO 2007). Regulation is one form of ancillary services needed to stabilize the grid during normal operations, and the need for regulation is expected to increase in order to manage high penetrations of renewables. An illustrative example of this occurred in February 2008, when the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) had to curtail power to many interruptible customers because wind production suddenly fell 3.29PDF Image | The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefits
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