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CVR simply requires adding a measurement of voltage at the end of the feeder, or estimating it using load flow calculations. This low requirement for additional capital investment makes CVR an inexpensive efficiency measure. Then the voltage regulator at the head of the feeder is continually controlled to maintain the end-of-line voltage at the minimum level. This reduces the instantaneous power drawn by any load with constant impedance characteristics, and reduces overall customer energy consumption. Loads controlled by thermostats, like heating, cooling, and refrigeration, may not reduce consumption in proportion to the reduction in power because they operate with slightly longer cycles to satisfy the thermostat. Winding losses in motors and transformers are also reduced, and motors may operate at a higher efficiency if their operation shifts to a more efficient operating point. On the other hand, motors in many applications also tend to maintain constant power output. This causes them to draw more current to compensate for the drop in voltage, which does nothing to reduce the electrical power drawn. This actually increases losses in the distribution system. So, while the technology behind CVR is relatively simple, understanding the impacts of CVR is somewhat complicated. On heavily loaded or long rural feeders it is not always possible to maintain the proper voltage by adjustments of the substation voltage alone. In many cases, this is caused by heavy motor or air- conditioning loads with poor power factors. The lag of the current behind the voltage (indicated by the power factor) requires additional current to deliver a given amount of power, with attendant decrease in voltage. Shunt capacitors can be added to compensate for the poor power factor. Figure 3.8 shows an example of a radial distribution feeder that has a very large voltage drop. To accommodate the large voltage drop, a shunt capacitor is placed approximately 60% down the length of the line. This has the effect of reducing line losses and voltage drop along the feeder. Today, these capacitors are usually continually active or they may be manually switched on and off. The smart grid will involve an extension of distribution SCADA systems along the length of the feeder so that these capacitors can be automatically controlled to compensate for the variation in the voltage throughout the day based on local voltage measurements. As shown in Figure 3.8, capacitor control can make extra voltage available for CVR by providing truly advanced voltage control to enhance load and loss reductions. 126V 120V 114V Location of Shunt Capacitor } Feeder Length Figure3.8. EffectofReactivePowerControlonVoltageDrop Without shunt capacitor With shunt capacitor Extra voltage available for CVR with VAr control 3.28PDF Image | The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefits
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