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Annual Solar Fraction at Which Reverse Flow Begins >29% 26% 22% 17% 13% < 9% Figure 3.9. Annual Fraction of Energy from Residential Solar PV at Which Reverse Power Flow Begins To indicate the maximum solar fraction before reverse power flow begins to occur, we have added a second scaling key to the color coding in Figure 3.9. The annual fraction of energy generated from such a 1-kW solar array is seen to range from a low of about 17% to a high of about 28% over most of the United States (excluding Alaska and parts of the Pacific Northwest). The median for the continental United States appears to be around 21%. If additional solar PV capacity is installed beyond the amount to supply this solar fraction, reverse power flow occurs because the output of the solar arrays on a clear day exceeds the 1-kW average load of each home. Thus, the onset of reverse power flow appears to be a serious barrier to penetrations of solar PV systems in residential neighborhoods to achieve local RPS levels above about 20%. A smart grid could help circumvent this barrier by deploying and controlling additional voltage regulators and batteries, and by providing short-circuit protection schemes that adapt to on-the-fly reverse power flow. Further details are provided in Attachment 1, Mechanism H. Estimates of potential reductions in electricity and CO2 emissions were not made for this mechanism, and there is not an obvious basis for estimating the indirect 3.33PDF Image | The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefits
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