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4.1.3 Hledik Article: How Green is the Smart Grid? The paper “How Green Is the Smart Grid?” examined the energy and CO2 impacts for two illustrative scenarios depicted in Figure 4.2 for the implementation of smart grid technologies in 2030, which are not intended to bracket the range of achievable reductions. The first is a “Conservative” scenario that uses cost-effective commercially available technologies (dynamic pricing, automating technologies, and information displays) in conjunction with the AMI. The second is an “Expanded” scenario that adds longer-term smart grid impacts obtained from distribution systems through increased penetration of renewable and distributed storage technologies. The scenarios were intended to examine two possibilities and were not intended as predictions of the future state. Figure 4.2. How Green is the Smart Grid? Conservative (Left Side) and Expanded Scenarios (Source: Hledik 2009) The conservative scenario is based on an earlier analysis and the expanded scenario was based on the Regional Capacity Planning (RECAP) model that provides the least-cost mix of system generating resources for a given demand forecast. The use of the RECAP model enables differences in the regional the mix of generating resources and emission rates to be accounted for more accurately. The assumptions for the RECAP portion of the analysis are keyed to AEO 2008, and the magnitude of the energy and CO2 outputs are comparable. Estimates of the reductions in CO2 for the topics in the conservative and expanded scenarios for the year 2030 are summarized in Table 4.3. The analysis assumes that the smart grid allows the penetration of renewable resources to double over the approximate 20% RPS level, but it is not apparent if the reduction in CO2 emissions is for the entire penetration of ~40% or only the additional ~20%. This is mentioned, because the reduction in CO2 emissions from increased renewable penetration is over 60% of 4.4PDF Image | The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefits
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